Specifically, assume that we have access to a table T of n uninitialized memory cells (numbered from 1 to n), and want to assign m cells of this array, e.g., we want to assign T[ki]:= vi for pairs (k1, v1), , (km, vm) with all ki being different. If the static keyword is applied to a class, all the members of the class must be static. The C standard guarantees these to be the same only for integral types, not for floating-point values or pointers. An aggregate class or array may include non-aggregate public bases (since C++17), members, or elements, which are initialized as described above (e.g. The value initialization because it can be done at compile time. The memset() is done at runtime. Depending on the structure members, the two variants are not necessarily equivalent. This doesn't appear to be true. Next, memset sets the memory where the object b was located to certain value, say zero. Now, once our TestStruct object goes out of scope, it is going to be destroyed and when the turn comes to it's member std::string b you'll see a crash, as all of that object's internal structures were ruined by the memset. How to smoothen the round border of a created buffer to make it look more natural? If there are lots of pointer members and you are likely to add more in the future, it can help to use memset. Every array also belongs to a class that is reflected as a Class object that is shared by all arrays with the same element type and number of dimensions. Does it have any drawbacks compared to the first variant? I have a structure which has some members and I tried the first option of memsetting: "struct stVar={}". You might rely on memset to zero out the struct after it has been used though. Using a single source file instead allows the state to be shared between multiple functions, while still hiding it from non-related functions. For ROM-able code, values are sometimes set at compile time. Hence, static variables preserve their previous value in their previous scope and are not initialized again in the new scope. This page has been accessed 1,089,320 times. Instead, it's referenced through the type name. A declaration "Int32_t foo=0x12345678;" would on many platforms cause the variable to be linked in an initialized-data segment and add 4 bytes to an initialization list. Generally, a download manager enables downloading of large files or multiples files in one session. Otherwise, if the braced-init-list has no elements, T is value-initialized. Also, some APIs require that the structure really be set to all-bits-zero. Does the collective noun "parliament of owls" originate in "parliament of fowls"? Upgrade to Microsoft Edge to take advantage of the latest features, security updates, and technical support. This example shows that you can initialize a static field by using another static field that is not yet declared. My vote - use memset on objects only if it is required, and use the default initialization x = {} in all other cases. each potentially constructed base class of T is const-default-constructible. Assignment operator overloads have no effect on copy-initialization. In addition, the implicit conversion in copy-initialization must produce T directly from the initializer, while, e.g. Is it an issue? This page was last modified on 7 December 2022, at 00:40. Many web browsers, such as Internet Explorer 9, include a download manager. Sign up to manage your products. In addition, bit-field declarations are allowed. stackoverflow.com/questions/4625212/class-initialization-list/, coliru.stacked-crooked.com/a/4b3dbf0b8761bc9b, en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/zero_initialization. Implicit conversion is defined in terms of copy-initialization: if an object of type T can be copy-initialized with expression E, then E is implicitly convertible to T. The equals sign, =, in copy-initialization of a named variable is not related to the assignment operator. For more information, see Static Classes and Static Class Members. Values are not initialised at compile time. A static local function can't capture local variables or instance state. In this case writing a POD_OnlyStruct t = {} or POD_OnlyStruct t; memset(&t, 0, sizeof t) doesn't make much difference, as the only difference we have here is the alignment bytes being set to zero-value in case of memset used. // Note: constructor private forcing one to use static |GetFruit|. A special exception is made for type deduction using the keyword auto , which deduces any braced-init-list as std::initializer_list in copy-list-initialization. I understand software FP implementations are typical examples where zero was not all-bits-zero. How to initialize a struct in accordance with C programming language standards. Compiler Explorer is an interactive online compiler which shows the assembly output of compiled C++, Rust, Go (and many more) code. * type. Use the static modifier to declare a static member, which belongs to the type itself rather than to a specific object. The static keyword is also part of the using static directive.. Use the static modifier to declare a static member, which belongs to the type itself rather than to a specific object. This is in contrast with the arguments of a function call expression, which are unsequenced (until C++17)indeterminately sequenced (since C++17). Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. There is no such term as move-initialization. Several old pre-IEEE-754 CPUs had strange float zeros. The Java programming language is a high-level, object-oriented language. Standard-layout types have the following special properties: Non-static data members may be initialized in one of two ways: If a member has a default member initializer and also appears in the member initialization list in a constructor, the default member initializer is ignored for that constructor. So even if it works now for IEEE 754, it might not work on a different float implementation (future or past). How to print and pipe log file at the same time? I want to be able to quit Finder but can't edit Finder's Info.plist after disabling SIP. You should never refer to the field directly, always use the getter generated by lombok, because the type of the field will be mangled into an AtomicReference.Do not try to directly access this AtomicReference; if it points to itself, the value has been calculated, and it is null.If the reference points to null, then the value has not been calculated. It can be combined with static or extern to specify internal or Difference between 'struct' and 'typedef struct' in C++? Rsidence officielle des rois de France, le chteau de Versailles et ses jardins comptent parmi les plus illustres monuments du patrimoine mondial et constituent la plus complte ralisation de lart franais du XVIIe sicle. On the other hand, since you've tagged your question as C++, let's try another example, with member types different from POD: In this case using an expression like TestStruct t = {} is good, and using a memset on it will lead to crash. If you intend to use your struct to read/write from a file, this might be important. Does not correctly initialize (to zero) non int types. the second or third operand of a conditional expression, the operand of a cast or conversion to (possibly cv-qualified). Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! If other is an rvalue expression, move constructor will be selected by overload resolution and called during copy-initialization. When should you use a class vs a struct in C++? I think this answer is outdated. When an object of some class C is created, each non-static data member of non-reference type is allocated in some part of the object representation of C. Whether reference members occupy any storage is implementation-defined, but their storage duration is the same as that of the object in which they are members. Types of Java constructors. . Usually only a couple of them have meaningful values and all others have to be zeroed out. Then bytes of padding will be inserted between "b" and "c". C++11 replaced the prior version of the C++ standard, called C++03, and was later replaced by C++14.The name follows the tradition of naming language versions by the publication year of the specification, though it was formerly named C++0x because it was expected to be published before 2010. Using of cached values avoids object allocation and the code will be faster. In the field of theoretical computer science, lazy initialization[3] (also called a lazy array) is a technique to design data structures that can work with memory that does not need to be initialized. I would guess not many nowadays, with IEEE being so common, but they used to be more prevalent. In multithreaded code, access to lazy-initialized objects/state must be synchronized to guard against race conditions. Assume that the class contains a method to count employees and a field to store the number of employees. Any reason to prefer memset/ZeroMemory to value initialization for WinAPI structs? The results will be undefined until you explicitly assign a value to the static field. Initializing each member to zero will not make every member to zero, but you'll miss the padding bytes. Why would Henry want to close the breach? * Lazy Factory method, gets the Fruit instance associated with a certain, * @param type Any allowed fruit type, e.g. 1 . Bx: Method invokes inefficient floating-point Number constructor; use static valueOf instead (DM_FP_NUMBER_CTOR) Using new Double(double) is guaranteed to always result in a new object whereas Double.valueOf(double) allows caching of values to be done by the compiler, class library, or JVM. * @return The Fruit instance associated with that type. Are the S&P 500 and Dow Jones Industrial Average securities? This page has been accessed 216,624 times. How are we doing? I would, when defining the structure, prefer value initialization, as that communicates the intent more clearly. The prvalue is then used to direct-initialize the reference (this fails if the reference is a non-const lvalue reference). Would it be possible, given current technology, ten years, and an infinite amount of money, to construct a 7,000 foot (2200 meter) aircraft carrier? In classes, interfaces, and structs, you may add the static modifier to fields, Otherwise, we know that T[k] is indeed one of the initialized cells, and the corresponding value is the second component of the pair. In use, today are quite a billion general-purpose computers and a billion more java-enabled cell phones, smartphones, and handheld devices like tablet computers. This example reads the name and ID of a new employee, increments the employee counter by one, and displays the information for the new employee and the new number of employees. The static modifier can be used to declare static classes. This page covers the static modifier keyword. enumerations with the same underlying type), or if their common initial sequence consists of every non-static data member and bit field (in the example above, A and B are layout-compatible). Syntax: static data_type var_name = var_value; Following are some interesting facts about static variables in C. 1) A static int variable remains in memory while the program is running. There are two types of constructors in Java: Help us identify new roles for community members, Proposing a Community-Specific Closure Reason for non-English content, what is the difference between struct {0} and memset 0, Best way to reset all struct elements to 0 C++. Why isn't sizeof for a struct equal to the sum of sizeof of each member? If expression is not an integer constant expression, the declarator is for an array of variable size.. Each time the flow of control passes over the declaration, expression is evaluated (and it must always evaluate to a value greater than zero), and the array is allocated (correspondingly, lifetime of a VLA ends when the declaration goes out of scope). In this article. c# . In C++11, padding bits are guaranteed to be zero-initialized: out of curiosity, on which platform a float with all bits to zeros is not the positive zero? A static lambda or anonymous method can't capture local variables or instance state. Aggregates copy/move initialize directly from single-element braced-init-list of the same type, but non-aggregates consider initializer_list constructors first: Some compilers (e.g., gcc 10) only consider conversion from a pointer or a pointer-to-member to bool narrowing in C++20 mode. This page has been accessed 449,473 times. In computer programming, lazy initialization is the tactic of delaying the creation of an object, the calculation of a value, or some other expensive process until the first time it is needed. The static modifier can be used to declare static classes. Effect of coal and natural gas burning on particulate matter pollution. Find software and development products, explore tools and technologies, connect with other developers and more. How does the Chameleon's Arcane/Divine focus interact with magic item crafting? In declaration, the data type of the variable is known Note that access control of member still affects the standard-layout property (see below). The constructor selected (which is one of the default constructors) is called to provide the initial value for the new object; ; if T is an array type, every A fairly straightforward 'fill-in-the-blanks' example of a Lazy Initialization design pattern, except that this uses an enumeration for the type. While doing a memset would certainly not. . Initialization of such static variables is indeterminately sequenced with respect to all other dynamic initialization except if the program starts a thread before a variable is initialized, in which case its initialization is unsequenced (since C++17). The common initial sequence of two standard-layout non-union class types is the longest sequence of non-static data members and bit-fields in declaration order, starting with the first such entity in each of the classes, such that, Two standard-layout non-union class types are called layout-compatible if they are the same type ignoring cv-qualifiers, if any, are layout-compatible enumerations (i.e. Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. For example, consider the following class: To refer to the static member x, use the fully qualified name, MyBaseC.MyStruct.x, unless the member is accessible from the same scope: While an instance of a class contains a separate copy of all instance fields of the class, there's only one copy of each static field. So you probably won't get in trouble, but still, C doesn't mandate IEEE, so unless the zero initialization is a bottleneck, the "safer" way doesn't really cost anything. Members of array type cannot deduce their size from member initializers: Default member initializers are not allowed to cause the implicit definition of a defaulted default constructor for the enclosing class or the exception specification of that constructor: Reference members cannot be bound to temporaries in a default member initializer (note; same rule exists for member initializer lists). Is there a verb meaning depthify (getting more depth)? This is what you do when working with socket structures for example. Default initialization is performed in three situations: The effects of default initialization are: Only (possibly cv-qualified) non-POD class types (or arrays thereof) with automatic storage duration were considered to be default-initialized when no initializer is used. Differences b/w static local and static global variable. The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards. Did the apostolic or early church fathers acknowledge Papal infallibility? decltype({1,2}) is ill-formed. This declaration is just for informing the compiler that a function named f with return type and argument as int will be used in the function. // so types.put and types.containsKey might be called at the same time. 5) The thread_local keyword is only allowed for objects declared at namespace scope, objects declared at block scope, and static data members. The constructor is then called to initialize the object. The following class is declared as static and contains only static methods: A constant or type declaration is implicitly a static member. Hi Dimity! From CppReference: "If T is an non-union class type, all base classes and non-static data members are zero-initialized, and all padding is initialized to zero bits. Instantiates new ones as needed. The only way of making the pointer (rather than the pointee) const is to use a suffix-const. memset() will zero those, the other way will not, so there will be 3 bytes of garbage (if your ints are 32 bits). Also because a braced-init-list has no type, special rules for overload resolution apply when it is used as an argument to an overloaded function call. Not the answer you're looking for? Otherwise, we check V[T[k]], and verify that the first component of this pair is equal to k. If it is not, then T[k] is uninitialized (and just happened by accident to fall in the range {1, , m}). This page has been accessed 603,910 times. In a standard-layout union with an active member of non-union class type, A pointer to an object of standard-layout class type can be. I don't see any drawback in doing it. This is the initialization performed when an object is constructed with no initializer. int f(int); The above is a function declaration. For instance, the Berkeley socket API uses structures polymorphically, and there it is important to really set the whole structure to zero, not just the values that are apparent. The language specification is the definitive source for C# syntax and usage. Some C functions are already linked in to do runtime setup so the compiler have these library functions like memset/memcpy available to use. APPLE. If objects have properties that are rarely used, this can improve startup speed. Why did the Council of Elrond debate hiding or sending the Ring away, if Sauron wins eventually in that scenario? memset() or value initialization to zero out a struct? Uses double-checked locking. // static non-class, a two-phase initialization is done: // 1) zero initialization initializes n to zero, // 2) default initialization does nothing, leaving n being zero, // class, calls default ctor, the value is "" (empty string), // array, default-initializes the elements, the value is {"", ""}, // int& r; // error: a reference, // const int n; // error: a const non-class, // const T1 t1; // error: const class with implicit default ctor, // const class, calls the user-provided default ctor, // t2.mem is default-initialized (to indeterminate value), https://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/default_initialization&oldid=143148, there's no value-initialization; empty initializer invoke default-init, default initialization of a const object could not, allowed if all subobjects are initialized, lvalue to rvalue conversion of any uninitialized object was always UB. Here is an example of lazy initialization in PHP 7.4: Here is an example in Ruby, of lazily initializing an authentication token from a remote service like Google. So, the reality is, those things are very different, and although you sometimes need to memset a whole structure to zeroes in certain cases, it's always important to make sure you understand what you're doing, and not make a mistake as in our second example. It is a kind of lazy evaluation that refers specifically to the instantiation of objects or other resources. Instead, they belong to the class of employees as a whole. You can add the static modifier to a local function. Below is some dummy code that does lazy loading of Class Fruit. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. A class where all non-static data members have the same access control and certain other conditions are satisfied is known as standard-layout class (see standard-layout class for the list of requirements). There can be multiple static initialization blocks in a class that is called in the order they appear in the program. These blocks are only executed once when the class is loaded. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Can a prospective pilot be negated their certification because of too big/small hands? Please help us improve Stack Overflow. Static global variable. For non-union class types, non-zero-sized (since C++20) members not separated by an access specifier (until C++11)with the same member access (since C++11) are always allocated so that the members declared later have higher addresses within a class object. Which variant to use and why? This helps with future proofing, because you can add new members and the client code will automatically NULL them out in the memset call, rather than leaving them in a (possibly dangerous) uninitialized state. Does balls to the wall mean full speed ahead or full speed ahead and nosedive? Initializes an object from braced-init-list. To demonstrate static members, consider a class that represents a company employee. const T and T const are identical. A static constructor is called at some point between when the program starts and the class is instantiated. direct-initialization expects an implicit conversion from the initializer to an argument of T's constructor. conversion from a floating-point type to an integer type conversion from a long double to double or to float and conversion from double to float, except where the source is a constant expression Mean average program performance may be slightly worse in terms of memory (for the condition variables) and execution cycles (to check them), but the impact of object instantiation is spread in time ("amortized") rather than concentrated in the startup phase of a system, and thus median response times can be greatly improved. If a reference member is initialized from its default member initializer (until C++20)a member has a default member initializer (since C++20) and a potentially-evaluated subexpression thereof is an aggregate initialization that would use that default member initializer, the program is ill-formed: The name of a non-static data member or a non-static member function can only appear in the following three situations: The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards. With pointer types it becomes more complicated: const char* is a pointer to a constant char char const* is a pointer to a constant char char* const is a constant pointer to a (mutable) char; In other words, (1) and (2) are identical. Here's what happens if you use memset - an object of type TestStruct is created, thus creating an object of type std::string, since it's a member of our structure. This can be used to handle queries in the following fashion: when we look up cell T[k] for some k, we can check if k is in the range {1, , m}: if it is not, then T[k] is uninitialized. For stack variables initialisation is performed on function entry - again at runtime. This page was last modified on 24 November 2022, at 09:14. Also it correctly 0 initializes all POD types. If T is a class type and the cv-unqualified version of the type of other is T or a class derived from T, the non-explicit constructors of T are examined and the best match is selected by overload resolution. // Returns pre-existing instance from first time |Fruit| with "Banana" was. In a software design pattern view, lazy initialization is often used together with a factory method pattern. If not, a new instance is created, placed into the member variable, and returned to the caller just-in-time for its first use. I was working on a custom piece of compression code and was initializing some large structures at declaration time using. @qrdl: On many platforms, if "foo" is an Int32_t of static storage class, run-time statement "foo=0x12345678;" will generate code to store 0x12345678 in foo; that code would likely be at least ten bytes long, some microcontrollers would require as many as 32 bytes. a prvalue of the same type initialized from, // copy-constructor (not aggregate initialization), // initializer-list constructor (not copy constructor), // list-initialization of a non-static member, // list-initialization of a member in constructor, // list-initialization in return statement, // initializer-list ctor is preferred to (int, char), // list-initialization of a prvalue, then copy-init, // same as above, no temporary created since C++17, // binds a lvalue reference to a temporary array, // binds a rvalue reference to a temporary int, // int& r2 = {2}; // error: cannot bind rvalue to a non-const lvalue ref, // int bad{1.0}; // error: narrowing conversion, // unsigned char uc2{-1}; // error: narrowing conversion, initialized from the string literal as usual, https://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/list_initialization&oldid=145224, list-initializing a reference with a single-element, initialization considered first for initialization from, same-type initialization of aggregates and character, when list-initializing a reference with an element of an, initializer-list constructors lost to copy, direct-list-initialization of an enum allowed too many source types, direct-list-initialization (both explicit and non-explicit constructors are considered), copy-list-initialization (both explicit and non-explicit constructors are considered, but only non-explicit constructors may be called), If the previous stage does not produce a match, all constructors of, the initialization is direct-list-initialization, and, a prvalue temporary of the type referenced by, a prvalue is generated. References and const scalar objects cannot be default-initialized. The 'non-lazy' alternative is to use an initialization method that is run when the object is created and then use a simpler accessor method to fetch the value. The Fruit class itself doesn't do anything here, The class variable _typesDictionary is a Dictionary/Map used to store Fruit instances by typeName. In the C programming language, the width of a bit-field cannot exceed the width of the underlying type, and whether int bit-fields that are not explicitly signed or unsigned are signed or unsigned is implementation-defined. If it has, it is returned straight away. Since you don't have access to those bytes normally, there's no difference for you. // Lazy Factory method, gets the |Fruit| instance associated with a certain. In .NET Framework 4.0 Microsoft has included a Lazy class that can be used to do lazy loading. Examples of frauds discovered because someone tried to mimic a random sequence. by this, we can get to know that the java program language is the vast emerging language in todays world. Any simple declarations are allowed, except. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. The static keyword has more limited uses than in C++. Many web browsers, such as Internet Explorer 9, include a download manager. // This has concurrency issues. It is rapidly evolving across several fronts to simplify and accelerate development of modern applications. It isn't possible to use this to reference static methods or property accessors. When should I use a struct rather than a class in C#? If thread_local is the only storage class specifier applied to a block scope variable, static is also implied. Here the read to types is not synchronized. It indicates that the object has thread storage duration. But if you're not as forgetful as me, then member-initialization is probably the best! @qrdl, depends on the compiler and target. Value initialization may allow (under certain situations) the compiler to do the initialization at compile time (rather than run-time). // Don't be surprised if the data is corrupted. This actually bit me hard recently. The technique is simply to allocate a table V storing the pairs (ki, vi) in some arbitrary order, and to write for each i in the cell T[ki] the position in V where key ki is stored, leaving the other cells of T uninitialized. sbk: for now who knows what floating point implementation they might start using. // Error, copy-initialization does not consider explicit constructor, // implicitly convertible from std::string, // OK: conversion from const char[4] to std::string, // Error: no conversion from const char[4] to S, // this copy-initialization performs a move, // std::unique_ptr
p = new int(1); // error: constructor is explicit, // B b1 = a; // < error: conversion from 'A' to non-scalar type 'B' requested, // < identical, calling A::operator int(), then B::B(int), // b0 = a; // < error, assignment operator overload needed, https://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/copy_initialization&oldid=137978, the cv-qualification of the destination type is applied to, the value category of the temporary created during. You can also set and modify the initial value for a stored property during initialization. However, the template parameter can otherwise be deduced, as is the case for std::vector v(std::istream_iterator(std::cin), {}), where the iterator type is deduced by the first argument but also used in the second parameter position. Beginning with C# 9.0, you can add the static modifier to a lambda expression or anonymous method. // non-static data member of reference type, // non-static data member with default member initializer (C++11), // A and B's common initial sequence is A.a, A.b and B.b1, B.b2, // A and C's common initial sequence is A.a and C.c, // A and D's common initial sequence is A.a and D.d, // A and E's common initial sequence is empty, // direct-initializes n, default-initializes s, // default member initializer will copy-initialize n, list-initialize s, // error: use of implicit or defaulted node::node(), // error: ill-formed binding of temporary to reference, // OK (default member initializer ignored because v appears in a constructor), a reference member is initialized from its default member initializer, a member has a default member initializer, // OK: implicit this-> allowed in default initializers (C++11), // OK: implicit this-> allowed in member initializer lists, // implicit this-> allowed in member function bodies, // OK: use of m to make a pointer to member, // OK: use of f to make a pointer to member, // OK: even though there is no "this" object for m, Constructors and member initializer lists, Pure virtual functions and abstract classes, https://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/data_members&oldid=145477, all data members cannot have the same name, unevaluated uses of non-static data members not allowed, it was unclear whether a standard-layout object, reference members could be initialized to temporaries, differently cv-qualified types weren't layout-compatible, pointer to standard-layout class with no data, common initial sequence did not consider alignment requirements, byte offset from the beginning of a standard-layout type to specified member. Here is an example in Smalltalk, of a typical accessor method to return the value of a variable using lazy initialization. What's the difference between struct and class in .NET? A class type T is const-default-constructible if default initialization of T would invoke a user-provided constructor of T (not inherited from a base class) (since C++11) or if. In other words, we can have private, protected, public or default constructor in Java. Two standard-layout unions are called layout-compatible if they have the same number of non-static data members and corresponding non-static data members (in any order) have layout-compatible types. Instances of the class Class represent classes and interfaces in a running Java application. Of course, if you need to zeroize an existing structure, memset is the only choice (well, apart from initializing each member to zero by hand, but that wouldn't normally be done, especially for large structures). But if neither of these, or a similar case, applies, then it's up to you. Variable-length arrays. a non-static data member cannot have the same name as the name of the class if at least one user-declared constructor is present; corresponding entities have layout-compatible types. staticpreparation0>initialization static Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. otherwise, no initialization is performed: the objects with automatic storage duration (and their subobjects) contain indeterminate values. But I am getting "-Wmissing-field-initializers" warning. In some compilers STRUCT theStruct = {}; would translate to memset( &theStruct, 0, sizeof( STRUCT ) ); in the executable. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. The constructors, if any, are ignored.". Ready to optimize your JavaScript with Rust? A class is considered to be standard-layout and to have properties described below if and only if it is a POD class. The StepCounter class declares a totalSteps property of type Int. Sign-in with your Broadcom Inc. (Customer) account to access Support Portal ECX Cstatic staticstatic Compiler generates startup code that initialise all globals during program start thus at runtime. Doesn't matter. If you intend to use your struct to read/write from a file, this might be important. These objects are guaranteed to be initialized during or before the first time an object of type std::ios_base::Init is constructed and are available for use in the constructors and By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. IEEE 754 is not defined for the compiler. Initializes an object from another object. A small bolt/nut came off my mtn bike while washing it, can someone help me identify it? "The following fruits have been generated: // returns pre-existing instance from first, //avoids passing strings and is part of LazyObject ahead, //standard type of object that will be constructed, //not an expensive item to create, but you get the point, //delays creation of some expensive object until needed, //yes, i know it is illiterate and inaccurate, //retrieves LazyObjectSize from list via out, else creates one and adds it to list. So even if it might work now, it is just lucky for you, but can give problems later. Can virent/viret mean "green" in an adjectival sense? Both the method and the field don't belong to any one employee instance. On some systems, "Int32_t foo;" would be four bytes more cheaper than "Int32_t foo=0;", the latter forcing foo to the initialized-data segment. you define static constants and variables associated with a type as global static variables. It controls the object creation. For example, int b: 3; may have the range of values 0.. 7 or -4.. 3 in C, but only the latter choice is allowed in C++. The API documentation should say whether the structure really needs to be all-bits-zero, but it might be deficient. The second to initialize an object. 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