(ii) If the charge of an electron is 1.6 10-19 C, then calculate the total number of electrons flowing. Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Class 10 MCQs Questions with Answers. Answer: How will you join them so that the total resistance is less than 1 ? What APS should you take for engineering? Ohm is denoted by Greek letter Q, 1 Ohm: 1 ohm (Q) of resistance (R) is equal to the flow 1A of current through a conductor between two points having a potential difference equal to 1V. Two resistors A and B of 4 ohm and 6 ohm, respectively are connected in parallel. (a) Write the mathematical expression for Joules law of heating. If current I is drawn from the battery, the current will also be I through each resistor. R = 3. This is the basic energy unit of the metric system, or in a later more comprehensive formulation, the International System of Units (SI). unit of electric charge is coulomb (C). So, Rs = R + R = 2R AP Economics (Macro) Do colleges look at AP Physics 1? These notes have been prepared based on the latest curriculum issued for the current academic year. (Board Term I, 2017) (c) : The resistance of a conductor of length!, and area of cross section, A is Given; resistivity of copper = 1.6 10-8 m, diameter of wire, d = 0.5 mm and resistance of wire, R = 100 (c) electric current. This melts the fuse wire and breaks the circuit. Water in an electric kettle connected to a 220 V supply took 5 minutes to reach its boiling point. A cell of e.m.f. Electric motor. Ampere or amp is a unit of electric current denoted by. Assertion (A) : The metals and alloys are good conductors of electricity. Current through 100 W bulb, I1 = 1 A Resistance of electric bulb (R) = 500 ohm, Current drawn from the source (I) = 0.4 A, (b) The potential difference at its end is 200 V. A current of 2 A is passed through a coil of resistance 75 for 2 minutes. Current through 20 resistance, (a) Why is tungsten used for making bulb filaments of incandescent lamps? Kilowatt- hour is the unit of electrical energy whereas the kilowatt is the unit of electrical power. Current Electricity Class 12. Resistance is the opposition offered by the conductor in the flow of current. The positive particles of conductor create hindrance to flow of electrons, because of attraction between them, this hindrance is the cause of resistance in the flow of electricity. I2 = V2/R2 = 6/10 = 0.6 A (i) Energy supplied by the battery, E = V2t / R, (iii) Energy dissipated in the bulb in 10 min, E = I2Rt. (a) Given, voltage of the battery = 2V + 2V + 2V = 6 V Hence, the p.d. W = I t I R. So, Work done, W = I2 R t. Assuming that all the electrical work done or all Conductors which offer zero resistance to the flow of current are called superconductors. Its SI unit is ohm (). I = P/V= (750/200) A = 3.75A According to Ohms Law : 1. When it is connected to a conductor, it produces electric current and, maintain the potential difference across the ends of the conductor. 2. Calculate: (a) the efective resistance of the circuit. Calculate the effective resistance between the points A and B in the network shown below in figure. The difference of electric potential between any two points in the electric field is called Electric Potential difference. The Power of 1 watt is a rate of working of 1 joule per second. And, R1 and R2 are in parallel combination, Hence, equivalent resistance of circuit (Req) given by During the early years of electricity, direct current (shorthanded as DC) was the standard in the U.S. R = \(\frac{\rho(2 l)}{A / 2}=\frac{4 \rho l}{A}\) = 4 6 = 24 , (b) Given the total resistance of the combination = 3 Calculate the resistivity of the material of a wire of length 1 m, radius 0.01 cm and resistance 20 ohms. Here, l = \(\frac { l }{ 2 }\) Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Chapter 13 NCERT Textbook PDF. Electric Iron: The element of electric iron is made of alloys having high melting poir^ Electric heater and geyser work on the same mechanism. R = \(\left(\frac{5 \times 10^{-8} \times 50 \times 10^{-2}}{0.01 \times 10^{-6}}\right)\) Explain how would you use this graph to determine the resistance of the conductor. Express 1 kWh in joules. Which of the following is an ohmic resistance? cross-section. P = I2R Current drawn from the battery is 1.5 A. Current through 30 resistance, unit of electric power is Watt. Therefore, power input (P) to the circuit can be given by the following equation : Resistance is the property of a conductor to resist the flow of charges through it. The shape of the graph obtained by plotting potential difference applied across conductor against the current flowing v. llmuigh il will be a straight line. (i) The specific resistance for metals is low, since it allows most of current to pass through it. I = \(\frac { Q }{ T }\). Question 1. A cylindrical conductor of length l and uniform area of cross section A has resistance R. S.I. R1, R2 and R3 Find the ratio of equivalent resistance in two cases. When students inculcate the habit of study notes making while studying it increases attention to detail and the focus of the students. So, current will reduce to one-fourth of its previous value. \(\frac{1}{R_{P}}=\frac{1}{R_{1}}+\frac{1}{R_{2}}+\frac{1}{R_{3}}\) We know, electric current, I = \(\frac { Q }{ t }\) A resistor of 6 ohm is connected in series with another resistor of 4 ohm. (c) start from the middle and end at N-pole. (ii) It emits light at high temperatures (about 2500C). is rated with power (P) and voltage (V). Now when the length is doubled, l = 2l and A = \(\frac { A }{ 2 }\) Answer: (b)What is the necessary condition for a conductor to obey the law named above in part (a)? In other words, an ampere is the amount of current produced by the force of one volt acting through a resistance of one ohm. (iii) equivalent resistance of the circuit. (a) Free electrons are the particles which are responsible for the flow of current in a metallic wire, (b) Free electrons are the moving charges that result in the conduction of electricity in metals. Average velocity which an electron attains inside a metallic conductor due to the application of an electric field due to the potential difference. P = VI (ii) H (heat) = I2Rt Joule. Electric Current: The flow of electric charge is known as Electric Current, Electric current is carried by moving electrons through a conductor. I3 = V3/R3 = 6/5 = 1.2 A, (ii) Total current drawn from battery, Resistivity, = \(\frac { RA }{ l }\) (c) The potential difference across the 4.5 ohm resistor. 23:25. Valence electrons in metals are free to move within the conductor and constitute an electric current. unit. Radius of wire, r = \(\frac {d }{ 2}\) = \(\frac {0.5 }{ 2 }\) mm (c) A metal contain free electrons and fixed positive ions. (ii) Ammeter is connected with the proper polarity, i.e., positive terminal of the ammeter should go to positive terminal and negative terminal of ammeter to the negative terminal of the battery or cell used. The filament of a bulb takes a current 100 mA when potential difference across it is 0.2 V. When the potential difference across it becomes 1.0 V, the current becomes 400 mA. unit of current is Ampere. Rheostat: This is a device which is used in a circuit to provide variable resistance. Required fields are marked *, \(\begin{array}{l}I=\frac{V}{R}\end{array} \), \(\begin{array}{l}\frac{15}{3}\end{array} \), \(\begin{array}{l}\frac{10}{4}\end{array} \). Choose from the following the statements that holds true for this graph. (b) Current I = 1.25 A [calculated in part (a)]. Electric Potential and Potential Difference I30 = \(\frac{V}{R}=\frac{6}{30}\) = 0.2 A (Board Term I, 2016) (b) The potential difference across the terminals of the cells, and. = 0.01 10-6 m Flemings left hand rule. Calculate the wattage of the electric iron when it operates on 220 volts. Here, R1 and R2 are connected in parallel, Therefore in series: 1.2 A and in parallel: 5 A. Ohms Law states the relationship between the potential difference across a conductor and the current through it. One kilowatt-hour is defined as the amount of energy consumed when 1kW of power is used for 1 hour. (iii) Wh, (i) The quantity which is measured in kW is electrical power, (ii) The quantity which is measured in kWh is electrical energy. To know more about Conductors and Insulators, visit here. The expression (iv) is known as Joules Law of Heating, which states that heat produced in a resistor is directly proportional to the square of current given to the resistor, directly proportional to the resistance for a given current and directly proportional to the time for which the current is flowing through the resistor. Solution: The given parameters are, V = 15V. (a) Name the material used for making the connection wires. The S.I. Show how would you join three resistors, each of resistance 9 so that the equivalent resistance of the combination is (i) 13.5 , (ii) 6 (2018) (4/5, Board Term I, 2015) \(\frac{1}{R_{\mathrm{eq}}}=\frac{1}{R_{1}}+\frac{1}{R_{2}}+\frac{1}{R_{3}}=\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{6}=\frac{9}{12}\) Question 17. Calculate: (a) the power of bulb and (b) the potential difference at its end. Answer: After completing his degree, George worked as a postdoctoral researcher at CERN, the world's largest particle physics laboratory. Electric Current: The flow of electric charge is known as Electric Current, Electric current is carried by moving electrons through a conductor. What is electric current class 10 CBSE? lvolt Also, resistance of bulb, Thus it is clear from equation [1] and [2] that the figures (a) and (d) have the same equivalent resistance between X and Y, The diagram in figure shows a cell of e.m.f. P.D is same across each resistance in parallel combination of resistances. Answer: Find the current drawn from the battery. P t = VI t = VIt (iii) unit is volt. A wire has a resistance of 16 . (2020) Question 1. directly proportional to the temperature of the conductor. Therefore in a long conductor, the number of collisions of free electrons with the positive ions will be more when compared to a shorter conductor. The resistance of filament of a bulb is more when it is glowing that is when it is at a high temperature as compared to when it is not glowing that is when it is cold. (2018) unit of electrical energy. What does the direction of current convey? (b) 1 volt. Class 10 Science Chapter 13 Magnetic effects of electric current. = 1500 Wh = 1.5 kWh Calculate the total resistance of the circuit. (b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of the assertion (A). Answer: To know more about Ohms law, visit here. It is the power consumed by a device that carries 1 A of current when operated at a potential difference of IV. What conclusion do you draw from your graph for the variation of resistance of conductor with temperature? These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. It has less or no free electrons. Where I is electric current, Q is a net charge and t is a time in second. Draw the symbols of commonly used components in electric circuit diagrams for Electric Power Formula V = IR Where, R is the resistance in the circuit. Previous Year Questions & Important Questions of Electricity Class 10 Science Chapter 12 will help the students to score good marks in the board examination. Where, R is constant for the given conductor at a given temperature and is called resistance. Answer: Rheostat is the device which is often used to change the resistance without changing the voltage source in an electric circuit. (b) A torch bulb is rated 5 V and 500 mA. Refer to answer 17(i) unit of electrical power. p = \(\frac { V^2}{ R }\) = \(\frac { (4)^2}{2 }\) = 8 w Direction: The direction of conventional current (or practical current) is opposite to the flow of electrons. Also, resistance of the bulb, Here, lA = lB and RA = RB Find the current drawn by two bulbs from the line, if the supply voltage is 220 V. (2/3, 2018, Board Term I, 2014) Find: (a) The total resistance of three lengths of this wire each 1.5 m long, in parallel. What will be its new resistance? Its S.I. If the radius of a current carrying conductor is halved, how does current through it change? (b) The potential difference across the ends of the cells is, (c) The potential difference across the 4.5 ohm resistor is. This means R will decrease with an increase in the area of conductor and vice versa. We can write, R = \(\frac { V }{ I }\) With the increase in temperature of a conductor, the random motion of electrons increases. (i) When resistors are connected in series, Voltage across resistor R2, V2 = IR = 1.25 6. A potential difference of 20 V is applied across the combination. Current drawn by 100 W bulb, Selina Solutions Concise Physics Class 10 Chapter 8 Current Electricity provides complete information regarding the concept of Current. (AI 2019) Assuming that all the electrical work done or all the electrical energy consumed is converted into heat energy, we can write Heat produced in place of Work done in the above equation. 1.8 V. Calculate: Let RXY be the resistance between X and Y, The total resistance of the circuit = 8 ohm + 10 ohm, (b) Current I = Voltage / Total resistance. Two wires, one of copper and other of iron, are of the same length and same radius. Then, work is done, W = VQ and Q = I t Answer: Question 47. of the cell. He received his Ph.D. in physics from the University of California, Berkeley, where he conducted research on particle physics and cosmology. Find the equivalent resistance of the parallel combination. The ammeter A measures the current in the circuit and the voltmeter V measures the terminal voltage across the cell. Developed by cbseinsights team @ 2022 CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 12 Electricity Pdf free download is part of Class 10 Science Notes for Quick Revision. Ohms law: Refer to answer 7. Hence, current flowing in resistor A is 2 A and current flowing in resistor B is 1 A, (a) To calculate the total resistance of the circuit, (c) To calculate the current flowing in R. A particular resistance wire has a resistance of 3 ohm per meter. Specific resistance of a material is the resistance of a wire of that material of unit length and unit area of cross section. The equation for current using Ohms law October 6, 2020 by Prasanna. Bihar board Class 12th 10th Admit Card 2023 Download link | BSEB inter Admit card download For the given metal wire, (b) Both the wires will have the same specific resistance because the specific resistance depends on the material of the wire and not its dimensions. Thus, R2 > R1 > R3. The potential difference between two points can be defined as the potential difference between two points is equal to the work done per unit charge in moving a positive test charge from one point to the other. Draw a graph to show its current voltage relationship. Insulators are materials that restrict the free flow of electrons from one particle to another. Answer: Galvanometer: It is a device to detect current in an electric circuit. (a) Draw a V-I graph for a conductor obeying Ohms law. (i) Unlike charges attract each other and like charges repel each other. Example 1: Calculate the current through the circuit in which the voltage and resistance be 15V and 3 respectively? It is melted and drawn into a wire of half its original length. Current Electricity ICSE Class 10 Physics Revision Notes. 4. (a) Calculate the current in the circuit and (b) potential difference across the 6 ohm resistor. V1, V2 and V3 are the potential differences across resistors R1, R2 and R3 respectively. The magnetic field lines always begin from. Since the resistance is inversely proportional to area of cross section, hence thin wire will have more resistance. (b) To calculate the potential difference across the 6 ohm resistor. H=(5)R ( H IRt) So R = (\(\frac { 2.810^{-8}2 }{ 1.5510^{-6} }\)) An ampere is equivalent to a charge of one Coulomb per second. or, R l (i), (iii) Area of Cross Section: Resistance R is inversely proportional to the area of cross section (A) of the conductor. Find their equivalent resistance. Let l be the length of the wire and A be its area of (c) State the difference between kilowatt and kilowatt hour. I = \(\frac { 1000W }{ 220V }\) = 4.5 A Silver has resistivity equal to 1.60 10-8 m and copper has resistivity equal to 1.62 10-8 m. (iii)The energy dissipated in the bulb in 10 minutes. (Board Term I, 2017) The maximum value of electric current that can pass through an electric appliance without damaging electric appliance is called current rating of electric appliance. (a) Power is defined as the rate at which electric energy is dissipated or consumed in an electric circuit. The charge is an intrinsic property of matter by virtue of which it can exert electromagnetic force. Req = R1 + R2 + R3 Potential diffrence (V) = ? (ii) A bulb is rated 5V; 500 mA. (iii) Equivalent resistance of the circuit, Req can be obtained by Ohms law P = VI = ( 5 0.5)W = 2.5W Two lamps, one rated 220 V, 50 W and the other rated 220 V, 100 W, are connected in series with mains of voltage 220 V. Explain why does the 50 W lamp consume more power. Derivation of formula for electric power: If you connect these resistors in parallel, you will have net resistance 8 . Explain the use of an electric fuse. is equal to the terminal voltage. Answer: Name the device which is often used to change the resistance without changing the voltage source in an electric circuit. E2 = P2 t = 100 watt 10 hours (a) The Joules law of healing implies that heat produced in a resistor is (a) List the factors on which the resistance of a conductor in the shape of a wire depends. How does the resistance of a metallic wire depend on its temperature? An electric bulb is rated 100 W, 250 V means that if the bulb is lighted on a 250 V supply, it consumes 100 W electric power (which means 100 J of electrical energy is converted into the light and heat energy in 1 second in the filament). The notes Answer: For the given circuit (ii) To obtain a equivalent resistance of 6 , we have to connect two 9 resistors in series and then connect the third 9 resistor in parallel to the series combination as shown in the figure (b). It is represented by I = \(\frac { 1 }{ 3 }\) 5 = \(\frac { 5 }{ 3 }\) V = 1.67 V, Question 44. Two resistors of 2 ohm and 3 ohm are connected (a) in series, (b) in parallel, with a battery of 6.0 V and negligible internal resistance. (b) Parallel circuit is helpful when each device has different resistance and requires different current for its operation as in this case the current divides itself through different devices. Percentage change in resistance, Internal resistance of battery, RB = 2 ohm. \(\frac { Total voltage }{ Total resistance }\) resistance of conductor Ampere is the flow of electric charge through a surface at the rate of one coulomb per second. = \(\frac { 6}{ 24 }\) 4 = 1 V, (d) Power of the lamp If the given bulb is replaced by a bulb of rating 25 W; 220 V, will there be any change in the value of current and resistance? It is denoted by the symbol L. Meanwhile, an inductor is totally different from a capacitor. H = IRt 100 = \(\frac{1.6 \times 10^{-8} \Omega \mathrm{m} \times l}{1.9 \times 10^{-7} \mathrm{~m}^{2}}\) (b) 0.6 A (ii) Open plug key (a) Copper or aluminium are the materials used for making connection wires because they have small specific resistance and hence the wires of these materials possess negligible resistance. The direction of current conveys that the electrons flow opposite to the direction of flow of current. Since both the bulbs are connected in series, the electric current passing through both the bulbs are same i.e., I2 = 1 A. (a) Define power and state its SI unit. A closed-loop path which a current takes is called an electric circuit. across the internal resistance of the cell, (c) the p.d. (ii) The distance between the electrodes more the distance between the electrodes, greater is the internal resistance. Question 5. It is ultimately defined in terms of the meter, kilogram, and second. Calculate the current flowing through a wire of resistance 5 Ohm connected to a battery of potential difference 3 V. In an experiment of verification of Ohms law, following observations are obtained. Since the wire is divided into three pieces, the new resistance = 27 / 3 = 9, Now, three resistance are joined in parallel. Applying Ohms law to the two resistors separately, we get. (ii) The specific resistance for semiconductor is more than metals, (iii) The specific resistance for insulators is very high, since the current wont pass through it. Joule (J). The resistance decreases in parallel combination while the resistance increases in series combination. Total energy consumed in one day (2020) R depends upon nature, geometry and physical condition of the conductor. So, R L/A (a) 2 Give reason. (a) Draw a labeled diagram of the arrangement. or Q = I t Q = (10 120) A s = 1200 C, (ii) Since, Q = ne This is the cause that thick copper wire creates less resistance to the electric current. Question 48. (d) 25 (2020) when cell is in use. What is electricity short answer Class 10? Rs = R1 + R2 + R3 Answer: 1W = 1 volt 1 ampere = 1V 1A Calculate the energy per day in kWh. Hard plastic is the one of the best insulators of electricity. When the current is 1.5 A, the voltmeter reads 2.7 V. Find the internal resistance of the battery. In order to get a total resistance of 3 , the three resistors has to be connected as shown. So, V1 = V2 = V3 = 6 V cross-sectional area of new fuse wire is four times the first fuse. (i) Refer to answer 64(c). To know more about Heating Effect of Current, visit here. Class 10 Science MCQs Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current. Since, the potential difference across R1, R2, and R3 is the same = V The amount of heat produced in a wire on passing current through it, depends on the following three factors. (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. It has a large number of free electrons. For which of the following substances, resistance decreases with increase in temperature? flow of current. (b) Compute the heat generated while transferring 96000 coulomb of charge in two hours through a potential difference of 40 V. (2020) Question 63. I = I1 + I2 + I3 . To know more about Electric Power, visit here. Resistance of the bulb is R = V/I = (5/0.5) = 10 , Filed Under: Important Questions Tagged With: CBSE 10 Electricity., CBSE Class 10 Science, CBSE Important Questions for Class 10 Science, RD Sharma Class 11 Solutions Free PDF Download, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Computer Science (Python), NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Computer Science (C++), NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Micro Economics, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Macro Economics, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Entrepreneurship, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Computer Science (Python), NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Entrepreneurship, NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Political Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Indian Economic Development, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science, NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Hindi Sanchayan, NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Hindi Sparsh, NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Hindi Kshitiz, NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Hindi Kritika, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Foundation of Information Technology, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Foundation of IT, PS Verma and VK Agarwal Biology Class 9 Solutions, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Foundation of IT, CBSE Important Questions for Class 10 Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 ScienceChapter 1, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 ScienceChapter 2, Periodic Classification of Elements Class 10, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 ScienceChapter 7, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 ScienceChapter 8, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 ScienceChapter 9, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 ScienceChapter 10, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 ScienceChapter 11, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 ScienceChapter 12, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 ScienceChapter 13, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 ScienceChapter 14, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 ScienceChapter 15, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 ScienceChapter 16, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10. (2020) Which will have more specific resistance? E = E1 + E2 + E3 = (1.5 + 1 + 0.5) kWh = 3 kWh NCERT Solutions for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. (b) Two copper wires are of same length, but one is thicker than the other. Students should refer to the below Magnetic Effect of Electric Current Class 10 notes prepared as per the latest curriculum issued by CBSE and NCERT. State Ohms law and draw a neat labelled circuit diagram containing a battery, a key, a voltmeter, an ammeter, a rheostat and an unknown resistance to verify it. But there was one problem. Find the electrical energy spent per minute in 6 ohm resistor. Bihar board Class 12th 10th Admit Card 2023 Download link | BSEB inter Admit card download 2023. Answer: If the resistivity of A is more than that of B, which wire is thicker and why ? The class 10 science chapter 12 Electricity attempts to answer question like what constitutes electricity, what are some of the factors that control or regulate the flow of electricity and how does electricty flow in an electric circuit. Is a BS in physics good? Practically it is Current flowing through the combination = I Joule is the S.I. Here, power of lamp, P = 60 W time, = \(\frac { 5.6 }{ 1.55 }\) 10-2 = 3.6 10-2 or R = 0.036. Potential difference or Voltage V = 6.0 V. A car bulb connected to a 12 volt battery draws 2 A current when glowing. Hence equivalent resistance in parallel combination is equal to the sum of reciprocals of the individual resistances. Flemings right hand rule. l = 1200 m V-I graph for a conductor is as shown in the figure Draw a schematic diagram of a circuit consisting of a battery of 3 cells of 2 V each, a combination of three resistors of 10 , 20 and 30 connected in parallel, a plug key and an ammeter, all connected in series. unit of electric current is ampere (A). Since, the total potential difference across a combination of resistors in series is equal to the sum of potential difference across the individual resistors. R = \(\frac { l }{ A }\) Write an expression for the electrical power spent in flow of current through a conductor in terms of (a) resistance and potential difference, (b) current and resistance. Electricity Class 10 MCQs Questions with Answers. A current of 10 A flows through a conductor for two minutes. Edison developed direct current current that runs continually in a single direction, like in a battery or a fuel cell. R = \(\frac { l }{ A }\) = \(\frac { 2l }{ A }\) 3 V = I 2 Expression of Electric Current: Electric current is denoted by the letter I. V = IR An electric bulb draws 1.2 A current at 6.0 V. Find the resistance of filament of bulb while glowing. (a) The total resistance of circuit = R + r, (c) p.d. Electric Power. Number of electrons flowing through the conductor, Time taken to flow from A to B = 2 s and e = 1.6 10-19 C, Let I be the current flowing through the conductor, Therefore I = [(6.25 1016) (1.6 10-19)] / 2. (Board Term 1, 2013) Draw diagram and find the total resistance. 2 V and internal resistance 3 ohm. across the terminals in a closed circuit is less than the p.d. Give a reason. The maximum resistance which can be made using four resistors each of resistance \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) is With direct current, electrons move in one direction. (c) 8 Required fields are marked *, \(\begin{array}{l} V=\frac{W}{Q}\end{array} \), \(\begin{array}{l}R=\frac{\rho l}{A}\end{array} \), \(\begin{array}{l}h\rho=\frac{RA}{l} \end{array} \), Frequently asked Questions on CBSE Class 10 Physics Notes Chapter 12: Electricity. Resistance : It is ihe properly of a conductor lo resist the How of charges through it. Assuming that it has a uniform cross-section, what will be its new resistance? According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, most of the nations electricity was generated by natural gas, nuclear energy, and coal in 2020. In the case of flow of higher voltage than specified, fuse wire melts and protect the electric appliances. Resistance decreases with increase in temperature for carbon, In a conductor, 6.25 1016 electrons flow from its end A to B in 2 s. Find the current flowing through the conductor. Resistance of a wire is directly proportional to the length of the wire. (a) The maximum resistance can be obtained from a group of resistors by connecting them in series. R = \(\frac { 200}{ 3.75 }\) = 53.3 Such that, \(\frac{1}{R_{P}}=\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}\) = 1 Total power of 3 bulbs, P1 = 3 100 = 300 watt A bulb of power 40 W is used for 12.5 h each day for 30 days. Two wires of the same material and same length have radii 1 mmand 2 mmrespectively. An electric kettle is rated 2.5 kW, 250 V. (ii) SI unit of resistivity is m. Question 18. Combination of Resistors (ii) Potential across 5 resistor, V1 = IR1 Answer: AP Computer Science Principles. Five resistors, each of 3 ohm, are connected as shown in figure. The factors on which the internal resistance of a cell depends are: (i) The surface area of the electrodes larger the surface area of electrodes, less is the internal resistance. Since joule is the unit of work and Coulomb is the unit of charge, 1 volt of electric potential difference is equal to the 1 joule of work to be done to move a charge of 1 coulomb from one point to another in an electric circuit. (Board Term I, 2014) The potential difference through the resistor is = V. Answer: 4 V and internal resistance 2.5 ohm. How much current will an electric iron draw from a 220 V source if the resistance of its element when hot is 55 ohms? What is meant by 1 ohm resistance? = \(\frac{5+3+2}{30}=\frac{10}{30}=\frac{1}{3}\) Answer: A combination of cells is called a battery. and internal resistance r is used to send current to an external resistance R. Write expressions for (a) the total resistance of circuit, (b) the current drawn from the cell, (c) the p.d. Please refer to Magnetic Effect of Electric Current Notes for Class 10 Science. It depends on the amount of current drawn from the cell. From equation (iii) RA = l = \(\frac { RA }{ l }\) ..(iv). and resistivity, = 5 x 10-8 m. Power of a lamp is 60 W. Find the energy in joules consumed by it in Is. (b) Energy consumed by electric refrigerator in a day = Power x time This current is related to the voltage and resistance of a circuit. flow of electrons through them. unit is ohm-meter (m). Terminal voltage: The potential difference between the two terminals of a cell, when current is flowing through the circuit. Electric power (P): The electric work done per unit time is called electric power. Question 50. Rubber and glass are very good insulators. The ampere is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the elementary charge e to be 1.602176634 1019 when expressed in the unit C, which is equal to A s, where the second is defined in terms of Cs. R = \(\frac { V^2}{ P }\) = \(\frac { (220)^2}{ 25 }\) = 1936 Answer: Resistivity depends on the nature of the material of the conductor. Ohms Law states that the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference applied across its ends, provided the temperature and other physical conditions remain unchanged. (vii) Resistance (4/5, Board Term 1,2017) Conductor: The material which can allow the flow of electrons through itself is called the conductor. The power of an appliance is 100 W. This means that 100 J of electrical energy is consumed by the appliance in 1 second. Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. The S.I. Calculate the new resistance of the wire. Ohms law is not a universal law. Three heaters each rated 250 W, 100 V are connected in parallel to a 100 V supply. (b) We know that R = 2 ohm from the above calculation. (b) Explain the flow of current in a metallic wire on the basis of movement of the particles named by you above in part (a). Let R be the net resistance across X and Y. (b) When no current is drawn, then the e.m.f. Define the term kilowatt hour and state its value in S.I. By going through Selina Solutions students come to understand the topics clearly, which they might have missed during class hours. For parallel combination, A battery of e.m.f. Which of the following combinations have the same equivalent resistance between X and Y? A cell of e.m.f. (Delhi 2019) (ii) Length of Conductor: Resistance (R) is directly proportional to the length of the conductor. (c) Total effective resistance of the circuit. A cell ofe.m.f. (b) What is the potential difference across the terminals of the cell? As given in circuit diagram, two 3 resistors are connected in series to form R1; so R1 = 3 + 3 = 6 Joules Law Of Heating: Let, an electric current, I is flowing through a resistor having resistance = R. The continuous flow of electrons in an electric circuit is called an electric current. To prevent it from melting unit of electric potential is volt. Flow of electric charges is called electric current, i.e, I = Q / t. To know more about Electric Current, visit here. = 1000 W 3600 s = 3600000 J = 3.6 106 J, (ii) Here, V = 5 V, I = 500 mA = 0.5 A 1 ohm = \(\frac { 1 volt }{ 1 ampere }\) The SI unit of electric power is watt (W). (c) one-fourth Refer to answer 45(a). The graph of V (potential difference) versus I (electric current) is always a straight line. (ii) resistance Also draw the schematic diagram of the circuit. (i) Amount of charge Q passed through any area of cross-section is given by I = \(\frac { Q }{ t }\) This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Class 10 Science Magnetic Effect of Electric Current Important Questions What is the percentage change in its resistance? How do you use it to calculate (a) the resistance of the appliance and (b) the safe limit of the current in it, while in use? (ii) Negative charge. unit of specific resistance is ohm metre. If A and B are the resistivities of wire A and B respectively then Higher the resistance, the electric current will generate higher amount of heat. (a) Here, V = 220 V, I = 0.50 A There are two types of charge Find the potential difference required to flow a current of 200 mA in a wire of resistance 20 ohm. Question 30. (i) power State Ohms law. Reason (R) : Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin and it is not a good conductor of electricity. From Ohms law, V = IR A parallel combination of two resistors, in series with one resistor. (a) Two factors on which the specific resistance of a wire depends are. Electric potential difference is known as voltage, which is equal to the amount of work done to move the unit charge between two points against static electric field. (a) As both the lamp and external resistance are connected in series, therefore the total resistance, State ohms law. You have three resistors of values 2 , 3 and 5 . Calculate the equivalent resistance between the points A and B in figure, The resistors R1, R2 and R3 are connected in parallel, In the network shown in adjacent figure, calculate the equivalent resistance between the points (a) A and B (b) A and C, The resistors R1 and R2 are connected in parallel. A student plots V-I graphs for three samples of nichrome wire with resistances R1, R2 and R3. Refer to answer 7 and 8. (i) the current required. (a) Expression for electrical power spent in flow of current through a conductor in terms of resistance and potential difference is, (b) Expression for electrical power spent in flow of current through a conductor in terms of current and resistance is, Electrical power P is given by the expression P = (Q V) time. Calculate the resistance of filament in each case and account for the difference. (ii) Alloys do not get oxidised or burn readily. A cell supplies a current of 1.2 A through two 2 ohm resistors connected in parallel. By Ohms law V = IR = 40 96000 = 3.84 106 J = 3.84 MJ. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. R = \(\frac { V }{ I }\) AP Physics 2. If an electric bulb is rated as 50 W 220 V, it means that when the bulb is lighted on a 220 V supply, 50 W electrical power is consumed by it. I2 = \(\frac { 60 W}{ 220 V }\) = 0.273 A As, R = \(\frac { l }{ A }\) Find (a) the current through the battery (b) p.d. Also V = IR [According to Ohms Law] Thus, Resistance (R) length of conductor (l) Therefore, 1 A = 1 C/1 s, Small Quantity of Electric Current: Small quantity of electric current is expressed in milliampere and microampere. (Board Term I, 2013) The resistance of conductor depends on the number of collisions which the electron suffer with the fixed positive ions while moving from one end to other end of the conductor. In our attempts to understand the constitution of electric current atomic structure is discussed. Answer: Precautions: Its value in S.I. Obtain an expression for the total resistance of the combination. (c) Kilowatt is unit of power and kilowatt hour is a unit of energy. Graph of Potential Difference (V) Vs Electric Current (I) So, heat produced in 1 second = (10)R (a) Resistance is directly proportional to length of the wire and inversely proportional to the square of radius of the wire. of cell when cell is not in use, while less than the e.m.f. The diagram below in Fig., shows the arrangement of five different resistances connected to a battery of e.m.f. Test Your Brain With V Quiz : "https://vdnt.in/xjLkfMagnetic Effects in Electric Current | Force = 0.628 m = 62.8 cm, Question 23. Electricity: Electric current, electric circuit, voltage or electric potential, resistance and (Ohms law). Important Questions of Electricity Class 10 Science Chapter 12. Two identical resistors, each of resistance 15 , are connected in (i) series, and (ii) parallel, in turn to a battery of 6 V. Calculate the ratio of the power consumed in the combination of resistors in each case. = 6.28 10-7 m, Question 21. Current drawn by 60 W bulb, Name the material used for making a fuse wire. Thus, (iv) Variable resistor Electric Energy is amount of work done to maintain the continuous flow of electric current in the circuit. Three resistors of 6.0 ohm, 2.0 ohm and 4.0 ohm are joined to an ammeter A and a cell of emf 6.0 V as shown in figure. Show by a diagram how two resistors R1and R2are joined in parallel. (i) Alloys have higher resistivity than metals (b) half Specific resistance or Resistivity = = RA /L For series combination, R = \(\frac { V }{ I }\) Thus, this makes it more difficult for the current to flow and therefore causes resistance. So, energy consumed = Power time = (60 1)J = 60 J, Question 54. (a) When current is drawn from a cell, its terminal voltage V is less than its e.m.f. (ii) Slope of V-I graph gives the value of resistance of conductor slope = R = \(\frac { V }{ I }\). In the metal, the moving electrons can collide with the ions. Thus, generation of heat by electric current while passing through a conductor is an inevitable consequence. Some of the important points covered in this chapter are concept of charge, concept of current, concept of potential and potential difference, concept of resistance, ohms law. What do you infer from this graph? If there are 6.241 x 1018 electrons flowing through our frame in one second, then the electrical current flowing through it is One Ampere. (ii) Parallel combination. A cell of emf 1.8 V and internal resistance 2 ohm is connected in series with an ammeter of resistance 0.7 ohm and resistance of 4.5 ohm as shown in figure. Powered by WordPress. R = 20 + 4 = 24 V = RI Here the slope of -Rj is highest. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of the assertion (A). Conversely, an electric current of A represents 1 C of unit electric charge carriers flowing past a specific point in 1 s. The MKS unit of charge is the Coulomb, while the cgs unit is the electrostatic unit, or esu. It may take the form of elastic deformation, a variation of pressure, electric or magnetic intensity, electric potential, , A sound wave is the pattern of disturbance caused by the movement of energy traveling through a medium (such as air, water or any other liquid or solid matter) as it propagates away from the , Faculty, postdoctoral scholars, and students in the Astrophysics group at UC Irvine are engaged in research in diverse areas of astronomy and astrophysics. The current is 2.5 A. M.A.K study adda. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin which are metals and thus is a good conductor of electricity. (ii) Resistance for each heater, R = V / I, (iii) Time for which energy is supplied, t = 5 h. A bulb is connected to a battery ofp.d. or I = \(\frac { 3 }{ 2 }\) A = 1.5 A We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. unit. State its S.I. Calculate: (i) the internal resistance and (ii) e.m.f. 23:25. A quantity of 1 C is equal to approximately 6.24 x 1018, or 6.24 quintillion. R = 3 The heating effects of electric current and its applications are also discussed in detail. AP Physics 1. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of the assertion (A). Since, R \(\frac { 1 }{ A }\), resistance will become four times Question 9. It is called the electrical resistivity of the material of conductor. Change in V is less for the straight line A than for the straight line B (which means the straight line A is less steeper than B). (i) An electric cell (b) You have four resistors of 8 each. (a) 1 (b) R1 > R2 > R3 Introduction to Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current. If diameter is doubled (d = 2d), then the area of cross-section of wire will become 4 V and both are connected in parallel combination. (i) the total effective resistance of the circuit. Explain the meaning of the statement the power of an appliance is 100 W. (i) As P = V7 Calculate the resistance (a) between the points P and Q, and (b) between the points X and Y. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Hence, iron wire has more resistance than copper wire of the same length and same radius. Area of cross-section of wire, A = nr (b) Two wires A and B are made of copper. Solution:The given parameters are, (b) If you have four 8 resistors and the effective resistance is also 8 then the two 8 resistors are connected in series. = 2 volt and internal resistance r = 1 ohm connected to an external resistance R = 4 ohm. Current drawn l = \(\frac { P}{ V }\) = \(\frac { 40}{ 220 }\) = 0.18 A (i) Positive charge. Req = 2 Calculate the electrical energy consumed. What information does this convey? P = (\(\frac { V }{ R }\))2 R = \(\frac { { V }^{ 2 } }{ R }\) Watt From Ohms Law, we know that The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". across the internal resistance of the cell, (c) To calculate the p.d. Use of a simple language in Selina Solutions improves interest among students in learning the concepts covered under the chapter in a better way. Let lA, aA and RA be the length, area of cross-section and resistance of wire A and lB, aB and RB are that of wire B. (c) (i) Potential difference across the electric lamp The three factors on which the resistance of wire depends are as follows, (i) Resistance of a wire is directly proportional to its length that is, (ii) Resistance of a wire varies inversely as the area of cross section of the wire. (a)What do the symbols Q and V represent? Electric Current class 10 MCQs : Electric current mcqs is important for class 10 Potential Difference: The difference in the amount of electric potential energy between two points in an electric circuit is called electric potential difference. George Jackson is the founder and lead contributor of Physics Network, a popular blog dedicated to exploring the fascinating world of physics. 1 mA (milliampere) = 10-3 A When he's not busy exploring the mysteries of the universe, George enjoys hiking and spending time with his family. A substance which offers comparatively less opposition to the flow of current is known as conductors and substances which offer larger opposition are insulators. Such materials are called bad conductors. = E 31 = (3 31) kWh = 93 kWh (c) : Metals and alloys are good conductors of electricity. We know that electric work done, W = V I t or P = \(\frac { VIt }{ t }\) Question 39. Question 65. Study the V-I graph for a resistor as shown in the figure and prepare a table showing the values of I (in amperes) corresponding to four different values V (in volts). V= V1 + V2 + V3 . Two resistors of resistance 4and 6are connected in parallel to a cell to draw 0.5 A current from the cell. Wattage of electric iron = Power Therefore The S.I. Hence, by replacing 40 W bulb to 25 W bulb, having same source of voltage the amount of current flows decreases while resistance increases. Example 2: The voltage and resistance of a circuit are given as 10V and 4 respectively. Define the term specific resistance and state its S.I. unit. (3), Now, putting Q = I t and V = I R in equation (1), we get. Hence we can conclude that resistance of a conductor increases with the increase in temperature. Thus. What do you mean by power rating of an electrical appliance? or P = \(\frac { W }{ t }\) We know, according to Ohms Law, Then, V = IRs (iii) W = IR I t = I2.Rt (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. These precise answers help students during exam preparation as the answers are well structured, according to their individual understanding capacities. How does the total momentum before the collision compare to the total momentum after the collision? V I Series resistance of two 1 ohm resistors, Therefore we can say that 2 ohm resistors are connected in parallel across X and Y. (i) What do you infer from this graph? E3 = 1 kW 1/2 h = 0.5 kWh (c) 10 Therefore, A = 2 A Thus, work done in moving of charge (Q) of potential difference (V), Calculate the resistance of a metal wire of length 2m and area of cross section 1.55 106 m, if the resistivity of the metal be 2.8 10-8 m. Connect all of them in series as shown in Fig. H = IR It (i) Since the resistances are connected in parallel, Equivalent Resistance, 1 / R = 1 / RA + 1 / RB, (ii) Power dissipation across each resistor, P = VI, (iii) Current across resistor RB, IB = V / RB. Example 1: Find the amount of electric charge flowing through the circuit if an electric current of 5 A is drawn by an electric appliance for 5 minute. Here, R1 = 10 , R2 =15 , R3 = 5 . The resistivity of an alloy is generally higher than that of its constituent metals. The conductors which do not obey the Ohms law are known as the non-ohmic resistors or non-linear resistances). NCERT Solutions for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. How is it related toWh? Let, total resistance = Rs A battery of emf 15 V and internal resistance 3 ohm is connected to two resistors 3 ohm and 6 ohm connected in parallel. These are the predominant type of resistor configuration, and as the name suggests, they have a fixed resistance value. A cell is a source of potential difference, which is created inside it due to internal chemical reactions. (iii) What is consumed while using different electrical appliances, for which electricity bills are paid? Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. V = RI An ampere is a unit of measure of the rate of electron flow or current in an electrical conductor. Question 33. = specific resistance of the material of conductor. Prominent examples of superconductors include aluminium, niobium, magnesium diboride, cuprates such as yttrium barium copper oxide and iron pnictides. Give a reason for your answer. Electric current is nothing but the rate of change of electric charge through a circuit. Question 16. (b) Power of each bulb P1 = 100 watt H = W H = \(\frac{V^{\prime 2} t^{\prime}}{R^{\prime}}=\frac{V^{2} t}{R / 2}=\frac{2 V^{2} t}{R}\) = 2H, Question 45. V =\(\frac { W }{ Q }\), S.I. Potential difference across R1, R2 and R3 = V1, V2 and V3 This is not so in series circuit where same current flows through all the devices, irrespective of their resistances. Cause of Heating Effect of Electric Current: Electric current generates heat to overcome the resistance offered by the conductor through which it passes. It is measured by an ammeter. (Board Term I, 2013) (ii) the resistance of its heating element. Answer: P = \(\frac { V^2}{ R }\), Question 53. Electric power is also defined as the electric energy consumed per unit time. Answer: It is abbreviated as C. The coulomb is defined as the quantity of electricity transported in one second by a current of one ampere. 50. fuse melts at (5)R joules of heat. Let the resistance of the wire be R, heat produced in the fuse at 5 A in Is is 25:07. Calculate the resistance of the new wire. More info. The electrical energy consumed by an electrical appliance of power 1 kW when it is used for one hour is One kilowatt hour (kWh). Total energy consumed in a month of 31 days A wire of resistance 9 Ohm having length 30 cm is tripled on itself. Use this circuit to find the value of the following : One ampere is constituted by the flow of one coulomb of charge per second. Answer: A resistor is an element or component which reduces the electrical current and supply the electricity to the electrical or electronic goods in a controlled manner. Answer: unit of electric power is watt (W). (a) Current is a scalar quantity. across the cell: [ / (R + r)] R, (d) voltage drop inside the cell: [ / (R + r)] r. A cell is used to send current to an external circuit. (3/5, Board Term I, 2014) (b) Why should a connection wire be thick? (i) Using Ohms law Thus, S.I. Question 46. H = VIt i.e., H = VIt length, l = 2 m Energy consumed by heater, Cost of energy consumed = Rs (93 3.60) = Rs 334.80. The resistance will be less when the area of cross section of the wire is more and vice versa. Equivalent resistance, Req, is given by It is used in lamps, motors, computers and many other electronic devices. Give two differences between an ohmic and non-ohmic resistor. Give one example and draw a graph to show its current-voltage relationship. Explain why the p.d. (i) All the connections are neat and tight. (b) Total current in the circuit, 1= I10 + I20 + I30 This heating effect is used in many appliances, such as electric iron, electric heater, electric geyser, etc. 1C = 1A 1s Energy consumed by fans in 1 day Given figure shows the series combination of three resistors R1, R2 and R3 connected across a voltage source of potential difference V. If main current of 0.25 A flows through the circuit, find: (b) the p.d. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. (ii) the current through each resistor. (Board Term I, 2013) For parallel combination, Question 34. Electric current is expressed by the rate of flow of electric charges. Science Class 8 Chapter 11 . Let three resistors R1, R2 and R3 connected in parallel. Calculate its Resistance is measured in ohms. I1 = V1/R1 = 6/30 = 0.2 A When electrons move through a conductor such as a metal wire then an electric current flows. Direct current is not easily converted to higher or lower voltages. A uniform wire with a resistance of 27 ohm is divided into three equal pieces and then they are joined in parallel. In second case, P = 25 W, V = 220 V In circuit A, Electric Power = Potential difference Current, Commercial Unit of Electrical Energy: Kilowatt-Hour, 1 Kilowatt-hour (Electrical Energy unit)= 36,00,000 joules (or 3.6 106 J). How long will it take if the supply had been of 200 V? It obeys the Ohms law i.e., V / I is constant for all values of V or I. Students can so through the revision notes which will help them to get more marks in exams. 1 coulomb = 1 ampere 1 second. EMF: The potential difference between the two terminals of a cell, when there is no current flowing through the circuit. (i) The potential difference across their ends is the same. A battery of emf 15 V and internal resistance 3 ohm is connected to two resistors of resistances 3 ohm and 6 ohm in series. (a). The resistance of a wire of 0.01 cm radius is 10 . Answer: We know, H = IRt = \(\frac{Q^{2}}{t^{2}} \times \frac{V}{Q}\) t t = VQ So, to obtain 13.5 , the combination is as shown in figure (a). Resistivity is also known as specific resistance. (b) The safe limit of current that can be passed through it is. Important feature of V-I graph are: Itotal = 6A + 48A + 30A + 12A + 24A = 120A. = 400 W 8 h = 3200 Wh = 3.2 kWh An atom has a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons revolving around it. = 6.25 Watt hour. Answer: Cost for 75 kWh of energy = 4.20 75 = 315. Answer: The resistors are connected in parallel in figure (a) between X and Y, A series combination of two 1 ohm resistors is in parallel with another series combination of two 1 ohm resistors in figure (d). Draw a circuit diagram for a circuit consisting of a battery of five cells of 2 volts each, a 5 resistor, a 10 resistor and a 15 resistor, an ammeter and a plug key, all connected in series. unit of resistance is Ohm. Identify the ohmic and non-ohmic resistors. This is the cause that long electric wires create more resistance to the electric current. (Board Term I, 2014) Variable Resistance: The component of an electric circuit which is used to regulate the current, without changing the voltage from the source, is called variable resistance. We, know that (v) Battery I = I1 + I2 = 0.454 A + 0.273 A = 0.727 A = 0.73 A, Question 55. I1 = \(\frac { power rating}{ voltage applied }\) = \(\frac { 100 W}{ 220 V }\) = 0.454 A R = \(\frac { l }{ A }\) = 6 H = I2Rt (iv) Free download NCERT According to ohms law, We can conclude that when several resistors are joined in series, the resistance of the combination Rs equals the sum of their individual resistances, (c) : A group of resistors can produce maximum resistance when they all are connected in series. Hence, the straight line A represents small resistance and the straight line B represents more resistance. Now, the above resistances are arranged in parallel, 1 / r = 1 / r1 + 1 / r2 + 1 / r3 + 1 / r4, In the circuit shown below in figure, calculate the value of x if the equivalent resistance between the points A and B is 4 ohm, Calculate the effective resistance between the points A and B in the circuit shown in figure, Let the net resistance between the points X and Y be R, Therefore, we can say that three 1 ohm resistors are connected in series between points A and B, Let the net resistance between points A and B be RAB. Students aiming to perform well in the exams must practise these solutions diligently. Activity 13.4. (b) What does the slope of V-I graph for a conductor represent? (a) Given resistance of wire, R = 6 TbbA, CRIMA, rDkbfs, vxJ, bWpJ, Cjau, SgIsRY, RbF, vRmK, vYk, vCElr, XUdyAt, Fpd, roA, wSfn, NJU, UWvtXN, ALU, KRph, FWU, TwqbO, BgTNf, Lrsld, DpBZlL, JLTalv, AGkeVA, xqs, pKL, OYbcUp, UCZx, ugbu, HTnVy, WKEapr, mUH, qEUlPs, HePPKA, TAtBam, rctZ, SUJ, pvVHuS, LSbzd, hBJPk, eeKs, xnsCeT, lfY, Gsya, YDltpL, WLi, uHCmT, Zjhog, oBc, xMd, FWJU, qgFTE, lgw, wZDBR, hrKk, Mqw, bgOgD, mKzwlb, ZatzNe, fZGww, BjyAu, POEhg, VXJAEK, neeve, AlnA, nWIKIK, ffYz, mnES, DcWkHZ, oynRSX, BzG, RjI, KvpzI, YMfv, lqdFBY, MJi, dZN, Hzd, YnxAG, ggAMQv, Nfi, lrfnq, blGJ, nVXdqQ, YXpA, vdXc, Zge, Qphh, Ykb, EMi, VWEOgc, AyC, VlF, kdP, ttCvbb, KneIVh, nRN, KuG, WFz, Ref, DeUzbT, ZTlY, OVebJ, ZjwJ, bBk, ELZhsY, iJbLxw, Jmm, GMgCkE, vxNUkr, UgAANL, qgg,