They only exist because we give them reality through social agreement. However, perhaps the objective reality is that Bob is an excellent financial analyst and will perform well in the corporate setting. Bob doesn't look like a corporate office worker to me. Meaning Of Social Constructivism It may help to recall a personal experience in which you have been labeled. Spector and Kitsuses radicaltheory of social problems, forty years on. Similarly, according to social constructionists, the very concept of personality exists not as a series of feelings and traits inherent to a person, but as an expression of feelings and traits between people. A constructivist view can be a uniting view, because it can include so many strategies, like enquiry learning, cooperative learning, and science/technology/society, which have at times been labelled fads by some. Flaskas, C. (1995). What is Vygotsky theory of social constructivism? For instance, one person might consider heated seats or four-wheel-drive to be a necessity, while another person might view these items as frivolous. This simple assignment transcended the basic educational . Social constructionism is a theory of knowledge in sociology and communication theory that examines the development of jointly-constructed understandings of the world that form the basis for shared assumptions about reality. Someone can be, for example, a neurotic introvert or a stable extrovert (Burr, 2015). This sociological perspective says people assign symbols and create meaning based on their interactions with one another. : an idea that has been created and accepted by the people in a society Class distinctions are a social construct. Her label makes it real. Constructivism is a word that means constructing knowledge out of experiences and social interactions. The concepts of personality, drive and desires, and emotions toward others such as love and hate become available because of language, and the construction that a person has of themselves and of the world could have differed, given that they understood the world through a different language. In constructivism, the emphasis is on personal experiences in constructing knowledge, but in social constructivism the emphasis is on social interactions and culture. The social constructionist theory is essential in helping someone develop the understanding that identity is a product of one's relationship with society, and that all concepts in life including identity are given meaning to through the use of language. This thinking around knowledge and power has influenced, for example, feminist social constructionist notions of romantic love.. Social constructionism, on the other hand, emphasizes the influence of environmental factors on human behavior and suggests that relationships among people create reality. The meaning of SOCIAL CONSTRUCT is an idea that has been created and accepted by the people in a society. Instead, a person develops understandings by using experiences and interactions with other people. This is Margaret's reality. Learn about this sociological. From a social constructionist perspective, many things we take for granted and believe are objective reality are actually socially constructed, and thus, can change as society changes. Background Use of theory is essential for advancing the science of knowledge translation (KT) and for increasing the likelihood that KT interventions will be successful in reducing existing research-practice gaps in health care. The validity of social constructionism s anti-realist pro-relativist stance is still heavily debated, notably in the form of the Death and Furniture argument of Edwards and Potter (1995). Tip: Refer back to the example provided in the lesson. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Constructivists argue that states can have multiple identities that are socially constructed through interaction with other actors. Social constructivism was developed by post-revolutionary Soviet psychologist Lev Vygotsky. If you have a dishwasher, it is an added convenience and not a necessity. Shotter (1993) proposes that human behavior, rather than originating in personality, comes from joint action. Social constructivism involves types of knowledge and disciplines in a theory which have been developed and based on human construction. The first sociologist writing in the tradition of social constructionism was Mead (1930), in her book, Mind, Self, and Society. In conversation: Joint action, shared intentionality and ethics. (2018). Grounded theory review, 11(1). Definition, Principles, and Applications, knowledge arises out of human relationships, language constrains what we can express as well as our perceptions, http://groundedtheoryreview.com/2012/06/01/what-is-social-constructionism/, https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-and-social-reform/sociology-general-terms-and-concepts/social-constructionism, https://www.researchreports.ro/an-introduction-to-social-constructionism, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12646-011-0066-1, https://press.rebus.community/introwgss/front-matter/287-2/, http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100515181, Ph.D., Psychology, Fielding Graduate University, M.A., Psychology, Fielding Graduate University. Social constructionism is often placed in contrast with biological determinism. Knowledge is not a direct perception of reality. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_1',615,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3-0'); The Social Construction of Reality is widely considered to be one of sociology's most seminal works. Type. Social constructivism is a collaborative learning approach that emphasizes student involvement, discussion, and knowledge exchange. This illustration would show how symbols have created meaning for people. Let's review. What is a person? https://www.thoughtco.com/social-constructionism-4586374 (accessed December 11, 2022). However, there is an important difference: social constructionism focuses on the artifacts that are created through the social interactions of a group, while social constructivism focuses on an individual's . 10 What is the definition of social construction? Mead, G. H. (1934). Rather, he believed that cognitive functions are developed from social interactions, and thus learning also occurs when people . Learn more in: Understanding Persuasion Mechanisms for Effective Communication in Online Educational Environments: Persuade Your Students by Empowering Them! Abby likes Margaret, but she thinks Margaret sounds like a spoiled brat. Each woman constructs and rationalizes her reality through her social experiences with others. Psychologists such as Cattell (1946) have attempted to quantify personality in terms of 16 factors. A school of thought that maintains that individuals do not learn alone but as part of a larger group engaging with the subject matter. For example, as social psychology arose in the Second World War, with the goal of creating propaganda, questions of keeping up morale and encouraging uncommon behavior (such as eating an unpopular food) desirable behaviors shaped the fields basis (Burr, 2015). A theory in which an individual acquires new knowledge through. The discourse the set of terms, metaphors, and so on that people use to describe and construct their experiences, as well as the interactions people have between each other serves to obscure the power structures of society. Characteristics of Constructivism and Social Constructivism: Learning Process: Constructivism: Constructivism considers learning as an active process. Andrews, T. (2012). It is a social theory in the sense that it postulates that 'people act towards objects , including other actors , on The social construction of reality. Tip: Be sure to include in your essay a broader explanation of how labels in general can be harmful to people. Is centered on the learner. The process of co-constructing knowledge through dialogue and interaction with others in the. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Peter Burger and Thomas Luckmann presented the idea of social construction in the 1960s. Therefore, cognitivism looks beyond observable behaviour, viewing learning as internal mental processes. 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Language abides by specific rules, and these rules of language shape how we understand the world. To Saussure, there is no inherent trait of a dog that makes it so meaningfully different from a pig that it requires a different term. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. 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Constructivism promotes social and communication skills by creating a classroom environment that emphasizes collaboration and exchange of ideas. What is Social Constructionism? Biological determinism suggests that an individual's traits and behavior are determined exclusively by biological factors. Social constructivism argues that there is no separation between subjectivity and objectivity and that the dichotomy between the person and the situation is false: The person is intimately and intricately bound within social, cultural, and historical forces and cannot be understood fully without consideration of these social forces. Social constructionism is a theory of knowledge in sociology that examines how individuals develop their knowledge and understanding of the world. For example, let's say I've posted a job opening for a financial analyst at a large corporation. Thus, it is the obligation of sociologists and psychologists to be aware of the assumptions implicit in knowledge. . A theoretical paradigm which argues that knowledge is constructed by the learner not transferred by the educator - but that it is shaped in a. This theory is closely related to social constructionism. Weak social constructionism has the assumption that individuals construct individual understandings over a set of objective facts, while strong social constructionism holds that all knowledge is constructed by human society through social interactions (Amineh & Asl, 2015). A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. succeed. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 1, pp. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Learn more. This idea is often traced back to developmental psychologist Jean Piaget. People externalize their thoughts on the world, such as writing down or creating a story about an idea they have. The Social Construction of Reality soon came to define a field of new sociologies'' (Vera, 2016). Vygotskys theory of social learning has been expanded upon by numerous later theorists and researchers. Knowledge develops from how people interact with each other, their culture, and society at large. She therefore expects to have a working dishwasher in her home. The meanings that one correlates with language are greatly influenced by the individual . Please visit excelsior.edu for more details. That's my subjective perception based on my past experience with corporate office workers. Facts are not given to a cultural surrounding or a social environment or even biological factors; rather, the world, according to Berger and Luckmann, is constructed through the social practices of people, and yet, people can still behave as though the world is pre-defined and fixed (Burr, 2015). Constructivism counters main stream approaches that states have enduring interests like power and wealth. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page. Social constructionism is the theory that people develop knowledge of the world in a social context, and that much of what we perceive as reality depends on shared assumptions. Social constructivism teaches that all knowledge develops as a result of social interaction and language use, and is therefore a shared, rather than an individual, experience. They are important to constructivists as they argue that identities constitute interests and actions. People in a community accept and sustain the communitys understanding of particular truths, values, and realities. 9 What is social constructionist approach? What is Social Constructivist Framework . In both contexts, however, the sentence implies that the caregiver or parent knows more reliably about the tastes of the person whos taking the sugar than the person themself. Social Constructionism, postmodernism and deconstructionism. While the Behaviorist school of learning may help understand what students are doing . (1995). Write an essay of at least three to five paragraphs in which you describe a situation where you have encountered ethnomethodology. Social Reconstructionism. A theory of learning which argues that individuals learn through the support and collaboration of others ( Vygotsky, 1978 ). People act according to their perceptions. See nature-nurture controversy. 17 chapters | Definition of social construct. Dishwashers are an expensive appliance and a luxury. Journal of Social Sciences, Literature and Languages, 1(1), 9-16. Lutz, C. (1982). What is social constructivism vs social constructionism? However, Saussures theory of structural linguistics fails to address several concerns, such as why the meanings of words can change over time. The SAGE Handbook of the Philosophy of Social Sciences, SAGE, Los Angeles, CA, 475-486. Because all knowledge excerpts in a historically and culturally relativistic context, the notion of a singular truth, according to social constructionists, does not exist. I feel like its a lifeline. However, symbolic interactionism tells us that our meanings are often subjective. Constructionist views of language believe that languages exist to facilitate communication between people rather than creating representations of the nature of a concept and that meaning exists in the interactions between people and the world and between people and people (Bo, 2015). Social constructionism is a theory of knowledge that holds that characteristics typically thought to be immutable and solely biologicalsuch as gender, race, class, ability, and sexualityare products of human definition and interpretation shaped by cultural and historical contexts (Subramaniam 2010). Objectively, research shows that at least 25% of American households don't have a dishwasher. What is a social constructionist perspective? Social Justice Usage. An introduction to social constructionism. The post-structuralist social constructionist view of language contends that language is a site of struggle, conflict, and potential personal and social change (Burr, 2015). Always guided by the teacher, students construct their knowledge . We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Ashley has a JD degree and is an attorney. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. In the late 1960s, three separate intellectual movements came together to form the foundation of social constructionism. (2021, December 6). Her behavior doesn't depend on an objective interpretation of the situation. However, social constructionists argue that language, in large part, roots individuals constructions of themselves. While social constructionism focuses on the artifacts that are created through the social interactions of a group, social constructivism focuses on an individuals learning that takes place because of his or her interactions in a group. The social construction of emotion: With special reference to love. Her interpretation dictates her response. As inferred by the term 'constructivism,' it seeks to account for beliefs, roles, organizations, and systems as ongoing processes rather than established and stable things. We behave according to the reality we've constructed. www.simplypsychology.org/social-constructionism.html. Social constructivism is an approach to learning that involves the use of existing knowledge to gain new knowledge. In essence, Foucault argues that the power structures of a society determine what can and cannot be known at a specific point in history. Social constructionism is a theory of knowledge that holds that characteristics typically thought to be immutable and solely biologicalsuch as gender, race, class, ability, and sexualityare products of human definition and interpretation shaped by cultural and historical contexts (Subramaniam 2010). For symbolic interactionism, you could draw caution tape around an area or object and illustrate a person (could even be a stick figure!) A person who has been decontextualized from the social environment say, if someone lived on a deserted island cannot be shy or friendly or caring, as these terms all refer to the behaviors that individuals have toward others. According to Vygotsky, language and culture play essential roles both in human intellectual development and in how. (3) state identities and interests are in important part constructed . However, Margaret subjectively attaches a symbol that a dishwasher is a necessity. As such, this scoping . Social Constructivism The level of potential development is the level at which learning takes place. Language in culture; conference on the interrelations of language and other aspects of culture. Rather, it's an approach that encourages us to make meaning in the world from our own point of view, based on our personal experiences. particularly well to accurate, clearly articulated theoretical definition. Doesn't that sound familiar? For example, historically, children took on many adult, tasks (Aries, 1962), but the mid-20th century brought a renewed emphasis on child development and childhood, and thus the role of children changed. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. SocietMutamentoPolitica, 9(18), 69-79. What qualifies you as a Vermont resident? | {{course.flashcardSetCount}} 5 Whats the difference between constructivism and social constructivism? Constructivism (also known as Constructionism) is a relatively recent perspective in Epistemology that views all of our knowledge as "constructed" in that it is contingent on convention, human perception and social experience. Social constructs are often created within specific institutions and cultures and come to prominence in certain historical periods. Social constructionism! Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Social Constructivism Theory & Examples | What is Social Constructivism? Margaret's dishwasher is broken. The learner learns through its representations. This is also explored through ethnomethodology. Baert, P., Weinberg, D., & Mottier, V. (2011). Instead, they are an invention of a given society and thus do not accurately reflect reality. Social constructionism is a general term sometimes applied to theories that emphasize the socially created nature of social life. Margaret's experiences and interactions lead her to believe that everyone has a dishwasher. Social Constructionism Definition and Examples. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Vygotsky's social constructivism theory . However, social constructionism contends that the concept of personality itself is constructed. By engaging with others in the classroom, students are able to challenge and develop their ideas. Social constructionism is a theory that knowledge and many aspects of the world around us are not real in and of themselves. This word is similar to social construction, but the two are different. A) the convergence of states around similar ways for organizing . Social Constructivism, or the idea that "Social reality is created when clients, [or people,] in social interaction, develop a common understanding of their world. | Social Construct: Examples, Gender Identity Overview & History | How Gender is Socially Constructed, Postmodernism, bell hooks & Systems of Oppression, Sex vs. There was a shift from focusing on objectivity and laboratory behavior to accounts of the lives of ordinary people (Harre & Secord, 1972). The world cannot be understood in terms of grand theories; rather, postmodernism emphasizes how ways of life can differ between the groups and situations of the people who live them (Burr 2015), Postmodernism has both informed and been informed by social constructionism; however, these theories diverge. She is trying to be friendly, but Abby has never had a dishwasher. Let's look at our dishwasher example again. Social constructivism primarily seeks to demonstrate how the core aspects of the international relations are contrary to the assumptions of Neorealism and Neoliberalism within the frame of social construction, taking up forms of ongoing processes of social practice and interaction. Bob has messy hair, an earring, and tattoos on his arms. Moreover, this philosophical approach is closely associated with pragmatism and relativism. Social constructivism is defined as a social group constructing things for one another, collaboratively creating a small culture of shared artefacts with shared meanings (Moodle, 2015). kim (2001) described the social constructivism model stems from three basic assumptions: first, human activities construct reality, and reality cannot be discovered prior to its social. Social constructivism theory is a model of collaborative learning within a cultural and social context. And finally, in the last stage, the idea becomes internalized in the consciousness of the society, and future generations more or less take the idea for granted as an objective truth, as the idea already exists in the world they were born into (Burr 2015). In A. J. Trevio (Ed. What is social constructionism?. Schneider, J. It also recognizes the great importance of the symbol systems, such as language, logic, and mathematical systems, which are inherited by the learner as a member of a particular culture. 2 What is the main idea of social constructivism? Social Constructivism: Social constructivism is a learning theory that highlights the significance of social interactions and the role of culture in creating knowledge. Constructivism shares many of the same principles as cognitive theory; however, there are a few key differences. When she doesn't have a working dishwasher, that's viewed as a significant inconvenience. Gender Identity | Overview & Differences, Americans with Disabilities Act: Provisions & Impact on Education, What Is a Social Construct? A learning theory that foresees that children construct knowledge through their interactions with teachers and peers. A theory in psychology which suggests that individuals are molded by the society around them, rather than being innately pre-disposed in any one direction. Constructivism is a structural theory of the international system that makes the following core claims: (1) states are the principal units of analysis for international political theory; (2) the key structures in the states system are intersubjective rather than material; and. In simple terms, according to constructivism, all knowledge is constructed from human experience. Social constructivism and social constructionism. However, Kukla offers and develops new objections to . However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. This is offensive when asked to, for example, the wife of a blind man, but not when asked to the parent of a young child, as it implies that the person to whom the question is addressed has power over the subject of the sentence (Burr, 2015). Debate is an important part of constructivist teaching. Understandings aren't developed separately within a person. Social constructivism is a learning theory propounded by Lev Vygotsky in 1968. In international relations, constructivism is a social theory that asserts that significant aspects of international relations are shaped by ideational factors (which are historically and socially constructed), not simply material factors. The theory of social constructionism states that meaning and knowledge are socially created. It should not be assumed that the ways of understanding that belong to one time and cultural context are necessarily better than another (Burr 2015). A theory of knowledge according to which learning is, A theory of learning mainly associated with Vygotsky that emphasizes intrinsic learning through, Is epistemological perspective argues that reality is not a phenomenon waiting to be discovered but is created in a meaningful, A philosophy which argues that learning is a. Gergen, K. J. Description and measurement of personality. Gergen, K. J. 4 What is social constructivism vs social constructionism? flashcard set{{course.flashcardSetCoun > 1 ? For example, the question, does he take sugar? carried a different meaning when addressed to the parent of a young child than to the caregiver of a person with a disability. {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}} lessons lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. 1. Traditionally, language is seen as an expression of a persons internal state. What people at a specific time and in a specific context call knowledge is one of many possible recounts of events that have been approved of by those in power at that time (Foucault, 1976). Kelly (2012 . Only a third of homes in the United Kingdom have one, and only one in every ten homes in Hong Kong has one. However, after Temperance, alcoholism shifted into a sickness, flaying responsibility away from its victims. According to social constructionism , people create, rather than discover themselves and other people through their interactions with them. Looking for research materials? Definition. Radical Constructivism focuses on personal knowing - that is, the ongoing, iterative dynamic by which individuals construe coherent sense from their personal perceptions and experiences. constructivist approach; and to evaluate the impact of constructivist approaches to teaching and learning on student outcomes. More specifically, however, the emphasis on social constructionism is usually traced back at least to the work of William Isaac Thomas and the Chicago . (2014). Ibarra, P. R., & Adorjan, M. (2018). Theory & Psychology, 5(1), 49-73. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Amineh, R. J., & Asl, H. D. (2015). That brings us to symbolic interactionism. Social constructivism teaches that all knowledge develops as a result of social interaction and language use, and is therefore a shared, rather than an individual, experience. Rebuilding a classic: The social construction of reality at 50. These assumptions shape our perceptions. What is the difference between social constructionism and social constructivism? Vinney, Cynthia. 's' : ''}}. Abby's family has always hand washed their dishes. Ethnomethodology is a sociological theory that looks at how background assumptions affect people's perceptions. First, let's explore the Thomas theorem. Social constructivism is the idea that an individual's interactions with her environment create the cognitive structures that enable her to understand the world. What happens when a solid as it turns into a liquid? She currently lives in a small apartment. Generally, it means that people act according to their perceptions and their actions then make the perceptions real. The key difference between the two theories stems from the emphasis that each theory lays on experiences and social interactions. Of course, in one sense all sociologists would argue this, so the term can easily become devoid of meaning. This is especially problematic in the context of scientific research. Thus, language constrains what we can express as well as our perceptions of what we experience and what we know. Averill, J. R. (1985). Lesley has taught American and World History at the university level for the past seven years. The theory of social constructionism was introduced in the 1966 book The Social Construction of Reality, by sociologists Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckman. Andr Kukla presents a comprehensive discussion of the philosophical issues that arise out of this debate, analysing the various strengths and weaknesses of a range of constructivist arguments and arguing that current philosophical objections to constructivism are inconclusive. Concisely, learning is understood as a continuous process of revising concepts to maintain personal coherence in the face of new experiences/demands . The juvenile justice system focuses on rehabilitating offenders and returning them to society as productive citizens. Social constructionism definition and examples. Identities are representations of an actor's understanding of who they are, which in turn signals their interests. Course in general linguistics: Columbia University Press. Some sociologists apply weak social constructionism to their research, while others apply strong social constructionism. These socially constructed ideas then create social reality, andif they arent examinedbegin to seem fixed and unchangeable. Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. Social constructivism was developed by Lev Vygotsky (1978, p. 57) who suggested that, Every function in the child's cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level and, later on, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological). The idea that human beings in some measure construct the reality they perceive can be found in many philosophical traditions. This theory is used in the modern juvenile justice system. Vygotsky's (1978) AU12: The in-text citation "Vygotsky's (1978)" is not in the reference list. Cattell, R. B. The theory of social constructionism asserts that all meaning is socially created. Whats the difference between constructivism and social constructivism? 89-109): Springer. There is no one precise definition of social constructionism, nor of the theories of the sociologists in the field. Social Research Reports, 6(26), 82-92. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Social psychology as history. While social constructionism focuses on the artifacts that are created through the social interactions of a group, social constructivism focuses on an individuals learning that takes place because of his or her interactions in a group. What exists is what we perceive to exist (Burr, 2015). This theory believes that cognitive functions are facilitated by social interactions due to which learners need to engage in the same. A framework which appreciates that knowledge-creation emerges in contexts of humans creating and recreating ways of seeing their worlds as they interact with one another. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/social-constructionism-4586374. It comprises cognitive structures that are still in the process of maturing, but which can only mature under the guidance of or in collaboration with others. Social constructionism is a theory of knowledge that holds that characteristics typically thought to be immutable and solely biologicalsuch as gender, race, class, ability, and sexualityare products of human definition and interpretation shaped by cultural and historical contexts (Subramaniam 2010). The essay could use a feature in a car to explain social constructionism. ins.style.display='block';ins.style.minWidth=container.attributes.ezaw.value+'px';ins.style.width='100%';ins.style.height=container.attributes.ezah.value+'px';container.appendChild(ins);(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({});window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'stat_source_id',44);window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'adsensetype',1);var lo=new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent);lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId+'-asloaded'),{attributes:true}); However, social constructionists share four beliefs and practices in common (Burr, 2015): Humans, according to Social Constructionism, put more emphasis on certain categories than others, even if these categories do not necessarily reflect real divisions. The theory states that language and culture are the frameworks through which humans experience, communicate, and understand reality. 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Every version of a person every set of abstract traits that can be used to describe them according to another may be different, describing that individual in the context of that relationship. Sorvegliare e punire. A learning theory (attributed to Vygotsky) that suggests that human beings create meaning from an educational experience by learning with others. Thus, knowledge is an intersubjective interpretation. Margaret will have to hand wash her dishes for the next week or two. A learning theory developed by Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky, which presupposes that students learn through, A theory of learning which expounds knowledge is constructed through interaction and negotiation among people under, Sociological theory of knowledge that applies the general philosophical. In Social Psychology as History (1973), Gergen argues that while the methods used in psychology itself are scientific, the theories of social behavior that originate from psychologists are actually reflections of contemporary history. Her behavior depends only on her subjective interpretation of reality. Their differences are a result of social constructionism. Coming from a research background in biology and archeology, Charlotte currently studies how digital and physical space shapes human beliefs, norms, and behaviors and how this can be used to create businesses with greater social impact. 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