Eban and Israeli foreign policy: Diplomacy, war and disengagement. (1997). The Saltire, rather than the Royal Standard of Scotland, is the correct flag for all private individuals and corporate bodies to fly. A Red Sheet: the Six Day War. They had been equipped with the most modern weapons, and had received high-level training from the Soviets. Depiction of the saint being crucified on a decussate cross was seen on seals in Scotland from 1180 onwards and was used on a seal of the Guardians of Scotland, dated 1286. The award was established in 1916, with retrospective application to 1914, and was awarded to other ranks for "acts of gallantry and "[196], According to Martin van Creveld, the IDF pressed for war: "the concept of 'defensible borders' was not even part of the IDFs own vocabulary. "[128] In another publication Rostow adds detail: "One of the most important terms of the agreement was set out in an aide memoire by Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjold: if Egypt ever tried unilaterally to remove the United Nations peacekeeping forces in the Sinai, or to close the Straits of Tiran, the Secretary-General would call the Security Council into session immediately and block such initiatives until a peaceful resolution of the conflict could be reached. Writing from Egypt on June 4, 1967, New York Times journalist James Reston observed: "Cairo does not want war and it is certainly not ready for war. 1 Ribbon Brass Mount Bar. Cambridge University Press. The second list presents this as a share of the general government expenditure. The U.S. further views that Jordan and Syria only entered the war as a response to Israel's invasion of Egypt. [85] By contrast, the saltire logo of St. Andrew's First Aid is red on white rather than white on blue, in alteration of the Red Cross. Pg 304. Military Cross (Geo V) and bar. While the generals were more troubled by the tanks and fighter airplanes that Nasser kept pouring into Sinai, the Israeli government were preoccupied with the Tiran Straits closure. Donations & Bequests Corporate Partnership Military Cross and Bar: Lieutenant Ross Macpherson Smith, Australian Flying Corps, AIF. It was established in 1956 to reward soldiers, sailors, and airmen serving in Algeria who had committed acts of valour or gallantry in combat. 17, The Scottish Government Flag Flying Guidance website, Saint Andrew in the National Archives of Scotland, Royal Standard of the United Kingdom in Scotland, Yorkshire (East, North, and West Ridings), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Scotland&oldid=1125134827, Articles lacking reliable references from March 2019, Articles with dead external links from September 2018, Articles with dead external links from April 2012, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Scottish Gaelic-language text, Articles containing Old French (842-ca. Egyptian forces then prevented UNEF troops from entering their posts. Brigadier-General Israel Lior agreed: "From my point of view, the Six-Day War had begun. Despite the drawings described in this letter as showing drafts of the two new patterns, together with any royal response to the complaint which may have accompanied them, having been lost, (possibly in the 1834 Burning of Parliament), other evidence exists, at least on paper, of a Scottish variant whereby the Scottish cross appears uppermost. It was established in 1956 to reward soldiers, sailors, and airmen serving in Algeria who had committed acts of valour or gallantry in combat. Initially, Nasser's letter had not demanded a full withdrawal of UNEF, but that they vacate the Sinai and concentrate in Gaza. Israeli-Soviet relations, 1953-67: from confrontation to disruption /. Encyclopedia - Military Cross. Air Power in the Six-Day War. [179], The Israeli cabinet met on May 23 and decided to launch an attack if the Straits of Tiran were not re-opened by May 25. Portugus, The Arab people want to fight. As notcias de ltima hora disponveis em acesso livre em video on demande. The medal and ribbon had the following features:[3][4], The medal was awarded with one of six obverse designs:[4], George V (1st type) in Field Marshall's uniform (19161930), George V (2nd type) in crown and robes (19301937), George VI (1st type); inscribed 'INDIAE IMP' (19381948), George VI (2nd type); omits 'INDIAE IMP' (19491952), Elizabeth II (1st type); inscription has 'BR OMN' (19521958), Elizabeth II (2nd type); inscription has 'DEI GRATIA' (19581993). London, UK: Nimrod Dix and Co. According to political scientist Zeev Maoz, most scholarly studies now attribute the crisis to a complicated process of unwanted escalation, which all sides wanted to prevent, but for which all were ultimately responsible. Rostow, Eugene V., "Legal Aspects for the Search for Peace in the Middle East", 1970, The American Journal of International Law Vol. It called for the strategic bombing of Israeli airfields, ports, cities, and the Negev Nuclear Research Center. [28][31] Dayan related further that in the process Israel had provoked more than 80% of the border clashes with Syria in the lead-up to its April 7, 1967 invasion of Syria. Islamists and the "Problem of Israel": The 1967 Awakening. Deutsch, Bars awarded during World War II have the year of award engraved on the reverse. User may use CAC to register and log in. 1400)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, A blue field with a white saltire that extends to the corners of the flag. Farid was the secretary-general of the Presidency, a cabinet level post, from 1959 until Nasser's death. Rafael replied that this option was "entirely unacceptable to his Government. Once that consent was withdrawn, its operation could no longer be maintained. [45] The East of Scotland Universities Air Squadron crest features a Saltire surmounted by an open book; the book itself being supported by red lions rampant. The obverse bears the effigy of the reigning monarch and an appropriate inscription. The Secretary-General impressed upon those authorities that the Force provided a guarantee for the withdrawal of foreign forces from Egypt and that, since it would come only with Egypt's consent, it could not stay or operate in Egypt if that consent were withdrawn. The crisis was to have a direct effect on both sides during the events of May 1967, which eventually led to the Six-Day War. The Victoria Cross for Australia is the highest award in the Australian honours system, superseding the British Victoria Cross for issue to Australians. Shop the new collection of clothing, footwear, accessories, beauty products and more. The Red Cross provides in-person support for troops on all military installations in the U.S. and on more than 35 overseas installations including the Far East, Middle East and Europe. Some 37,081 MCs were awarded during the First World War, plus 2,992 first Bars, 176 second Bars and 4 third Bars. When incorporated as part of the Union Flag during the 17th century, the dark blue applied to Union Flags destined for maritime use was possibly selected on the basis of the durability of darker dyes,[12] with this dark blue shade eventually becoming standard on Union Flags both at sea and on land. Metadata. [6] It is possible that this is based on a precedent of the late 15th century, the use of a white saltire in the canton of a blue flag reputedly made by Queen Margaret, wife of James III (14511488). cit., Kindle Locations 447-450. [citation needed] Despite having last been used officially by the pre-Union Royal Scots Navy and merchant marine fleets in the 18th century,[55] the flag continues to be produced by flag manufacturers[56][57] and its unofficial use by private citizens on water has been observed. Speaking to a Mapai party meeting in Jerusalem on May 11 Prime Minister of Israel Levi Eshkol warned that Israel would not hesitate to use air power on the scale of 7 April in response to continued border terrorism, and on the same day Israeli envoy Gideon Rafael presented a letter to the president of the Security Council warning that Israel would "act in self-defense as circumstances warrant". Flag of the Archipelago of San Andrs, Providencia and Santa Catalina department in Colombia. ), representation of the Saltire; such decals being displayed on the front and/or rear of the vehicle (on tanks these may also be displayed on the vehicle turret). Each year, the Red Cross provides nearly 550,000 services to service members, veterans and their families by leveraging our worldwide network of volunteers. Most American diplomats who worked in the Middle East were sympathetic to Nasser's views on the Straits,[citation needed] with several of them arguing that the US should ignore both its on-the-record promises to Israel regarding the Straits being open and international law; a few diplomats who were not as impressed by threats from Arab nations advised the Johnson Administration to back the flotilla option as a "show of force" that would forestall war from breaking out. Shop at Amazon Fashion for a wide selection of clothing, shoes, jewelry and watches for both men and women at Amazon.com. "In May, 1967 President Nasser expelled UNEF from Egypt and set in train the events that precipitated Israel's blitzkrieg invasion and conquest of the Sinai." Military and Civilian personnel must register for ArMA to submit DMOs. Want to support military and veteran families in your community? His body was repatriated and he is buried in the North Road Anglican cemetery, Adelaide. [50], Use of the Saltire at sea as a Jack or courtesy flag has been observed, including as a Jack on the Scottish Government's Marine Patrol Vessel (MPV) Jura. Page 224, note 4. Citations may include links to full text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites. PubMed comprises more than 34 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. 10 am to 5 pm daily (except Christmas Day). There is no room for imperialism and there is no room for Britain in our country, just as there is no room for Israel within the Arab nation." Ehteshami, Anoushiravan and Hinnebusch, Raymond A. Deaths Among U.S. Air Force Basic Military Trainees, 2008-2020 After the 1956 Suez Crisis, Egypt agreed to the stationing of a United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) in the Sinai to ensure all parties would comply with the 1949 Armistice Agreements. Find Military Cross stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. This could imply that there was still some insistence on a Scottish variant after 1801. [19] Lord Lyon King of Arms states that 5:4 is suitable. Formal theory. In a memo to the President, Rusk rejected the claim of an Egyptian and Syrian attack being imminent, plainly stating "our intelligence does not confirm [the] Israeli estimate". The Military Medal was established on 25 March 1916. The Flag of Scotland seating design at Hampden Park Stadium; the national stadium of Football in Scotland. 4.6 out of 5 stars 109. The Military Medal was discontinued in 1993, as part of the review of the British honours system, which recommended removing distinctions of rank in respect of awards for bravery. Portland: Frank Cass, 1998. [154] According to declassified documents from the Johnson Presidential Library, President Johnson and other top officials in the administration did not believe war between Israel and its neighbors was necessary or inevitable. Soviet-made artillery and Egyptian military supplies and crews were also flown to Jordan.[166]. PubMed comprises more than 34 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Volunteers provide home comforts and critical services on bases and in military hospitals around the world, We support military families during deployments and emergencies, We continue serving our nations veterans after their service ends. In a lecture given in 2002, Oren said, "Johnson sat around with his advisors and said, What if their intelligence sources are better than ours? Johnson decided to fire off a Hotline message to his counterpart in the Kremlin, Alexei Kosygin, in which he said, "We've heard from the Israelis, but we can't corroborate it, that your proxies in the Middle East, the Egyptians, plan to launch an attack against Israel in the next 48 hours. Arab armies would then invade Israel, and cut it in half with an armored thrust through the Negev. [33] In fact the Israeli view had been rejected in 1951 by both Britain and the UN Security council (in Resolution 93). [78], From 1801, in order to symbolise the union of the Kingdom of Great Britain with the Kingdom of Ireland a new design, which included the St Patrick's Cross, was adopted for the flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Spanish-language radio stations are set to be controlled by a far-left group linked to billionaire George Soros after the Federal Communications Commission cleared a takeover. Nota: este sitio web incluye un sistema de accesibilidad. Also, the preparation of an Egyptian invasion of Israel had certain advantages for Nasser"[150] The Egyptian attack plan was code-named Operation Dawn, and was planned by General Abdel Hakim Amer. [84][85] This reached a critical point when armored tractor work on land in the southern demilitarized zone close to Kibbutz Ha-On was scheduled. Despite his own skepticism, Eban followed his instructions during his first meeting with Secretary Rusk, Under Secretary Rostow, and Assistant Secretary Lucius Battle. On 1 June, Moshe Dayan was made Israeli Defense Minister, and on June 3 the Johnson administration gave an ambiguous statement; Israel continued to prepare for war. The Israeli Air Force was placed on alert. Army Commander-in-Chief General Sharif Zaid Ben Shaker warned in a press conference that "If Jordan does not join the war a civil war will erupt in Jordan". [40] The Officer Training Corps units attached to universities in Edinburgh and Glasgow, plus the Tayforth University OTC, all feature the Saltire in their cap badge designs. On June 1, Israel formed a National Unity Government, and on June 4 the decision was made to go to war. [90] Used historically by the King of Scots, the Royal Standard of Scotland differs from Scotland's national flag, the Saltire, in that its correct use is restricted by an Act of the Parliament of Scotland to only a few Great Officers of State who officially represent The Sovereign in Scotland. According to the Israeli government, 50 Jordanians were killed, but the true number was never disclosed by the Jordanians, in order to keep up morale and confidence in King Hussein's regime. , The Flag of the United Kingdom, Flag of Scotland and Flag of Europe at the Scottish Parliament Building. Health coverage is offered by Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Florida, Inc. DBA Florida Blue. galleries are progressively closed from 4 pm. [74][75] A reduced view of this engraving, with the flag similarly detailed, also appears on the Plan of Edenburgh, Exactly Done. Sir Ross Smith was killed in England on 13 April 1922 when the Vickers Viking amphibian he was test flying spun into the ground from 305 metres. It is estimated that, in light of Syrian reports and appeals to Egypt regarding Israels intention to take major action against Syria; in light of declarations and warnings issued by Israel in the past few days; and Egypts predicament since April. [83] At the same time Israel was planning, approving and executing the provocations of Syria along the DMZ referred to by Dayan. The emissary who delivered the letter requested immediate withdrawal of United Nations troops from Sharm el Sheikh as well. Although nurses of the Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service (QAIMNS) and the Territorial Force Nursing Service (TFNS) and other women serving with the British Army often had the social status of officers, they did not hold an officer's commission and were therefore ineligible for the Military Cross, but could be and were awarded the MM. But in case of a large-scale Israeli attack against its neighbors, el-Feki said, Egypt would come to their aid. ", "Buoyed by the almost universal Arab acclaim he received for his actions, Nasser expelled the UNEF forces and announced the closing of the, "The Israeli attack ended a nerve-wracking three weeks of waiting begun when Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser expelled the United Nations peacekeepers from the Gaza Strip and the southern tip of the Sinai Peninsula, blockaded the nearby. Gluska, Ami. Florida Blue is a part of the GuideWell family of companies. National Defense Ribbon with Mounting Bar (Military Issued)-Veteran Owned Business Red. Some sources date the agreement to November 4, others to November 7. They may have persuaded the Syrians that Israel didn't dare attack Soviet-protected Syria but could attack US-backed Jordan with impunity. 1542. MM and DCM recipient Frank Richards wrote that "the Military Medal without a shadow of a doubt had been introduced to save awarding too many DCMs. Our payment system is currently not available. 679 (The Duke of Connaught's) Squadron, East of Scotland Universities Air Squadron, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, colonial venture of the Kingdom of Scotland, Archipelago of San Andrs, Providencia and Santa Catalina, "Visit Athelstaneford. The Road to the Six Day War: Towards an Enumerative History of Four Arab States and Israel, 196567. Size of this PNG preview of this SVG file: 218 60 pixels. [125], Before UNEF could be deployed in 1956 negotiations were necessary with the compliant host country, Egypt, Israel having refused to host the peacekeepers. This is an opportunity to wipe out the ignominy which has been with us since 1948". To Israel's surprise, the Jordanian military intervened. Administrators and employers shopping for group plans. Explore our medical, dental, and Medicare health care plans. [43] The station crest of the former RAF Leuchars, Fife, also showed the Saltire, in this case surmounted by a sword. The provocations were sending a tractor to plow in the demilitarized areas. Specifically, the Westland Sea King Mk5 aircraft of HMS Gannet, operating in the Search and Rescue (SAR) role from Royal Naval Air Station Prestwick, Ayrshire, displayed a Saltire decal on the nose of each aircraft. At 15:19 Syrian shells started falling on Kibbutz Gadot; over 300 landed within the kibbutz compound in 40 minutes. Cohen, Raymond (1988). [159] The cancellation orders arrived to the pilots when they were already in their planes, awaiting the final go ahead. [22], The saltire (decussate cross, diagonal cross) was used as a field sign in the medieval period without any connection to Saint Andrew. 602 (City of Glasgow) Squadron of the Royal Auxiliary Air Force uses the Saltire surmounted by a lion rampant as the device shown on the squadron crest. The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel. Posthumous awards were permitted from 1979. [197], That the announcement of the blockade of the Straits of Tiran paved the way for war is disputed by Major General Indar Jit Rikhye, military adviser to the United Nations Secretary General, who called the accusation of a blockade "questionable," pointing out that an Israeli-flagged ship had not passed through the straits in two years, and that "The U.A.R. Kreyl Ayisyen, Tagalog, "[174], Spurred by the virulent Arab rhetoric, mounting concern and pressure from the media, public bellicose statements by their military, the unexpected major battle over Syria in April, the consequences thereof for the Egyptian-Syrian defense agreement, the expulsion of UNEF, and the mobilization of Egyptian troops into Sinai, the Israeli public sense was of heightened fear and of an approaching holocaust. After the Samu raid, these apprehensions became the deciding factor in Jordan's decision to participate in the war. [76], On 17 April 1707, just two weeks prior to the Acts of Union coming into effect, Sir Henry St George, Garter King of Arms, presented several designs to Queen Anne and her Privy Council for consideration as the flag of the soon to be unified Kingdom of Great Britain. UK military cross medal and identity tags - National World War I Museum - Kansas City, MO - DSC07542.JPG 4,320 3,240; 4.67 MB. See note 34, page 228, British Gallantry Awards, (2nd ed), Abbott & Tamplin. At the same time several other Arab states not bordering Israel, including Iraq, Sudan, Kuwait and Algeria, began mobilizing their armed forces. [156] Eban left the White House distraught. [199], The USSR had come to similar conclusions: " it is clear that the Soviet assessment from mid-May 1967 that Israel was about to strike at Syria was correct and well founded, and was not merely based on the public threats issued by Eshkol, Rabin and Yariv. All the latest news, views, sport and pictures from Dumfries and Galloway. "1967", by Tom Segev (kindle location 4966-4986), "The Six-Day War and Israel Self-Defense", John Quigley, p. 34 (Cambridge University Press), Tom Segev, "1967", loc 4986 in the Kindle edition. Military Cross (MC) awarded to Lieutenant Ross Macpherson Smith on 27 March 1917 for 'Conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty when his pilot descended to the rescue of an officer who had been forced to land. Get information on latest national and international events & more. Barbour, believing there was no urgency to delivering the letter, left it on his desk over the weekend, thus failing to deliver it in a timely fashion.[60]. [87] The Syrians then responded by shelling Israeli border settlements heavily, and Israeli jets retaliated by bombing the village of Sqoufiye, destroying around 40 houses in the process. Caught off-guard, Israel scrambled to deploy its own forces, while Ben-Gurion adopted a policy of pacification to ease tensions and prevent the outbreak of hostilities. Egypt believed the deployment had prevented an Israeli attack on Syria, and it was thus possible to deter Israel with the mere deployment of forces, without the danger of going to war. [69][70][71] This flag's design is also described in the 1704 edition of The Present State of the Universe by John Beaumont, Junior, which contains as an appendix The Ensigns, Colours or Flags of the Ships at Sea: Belonging to The several Princes and States in the World. [55][56], Both sides eventually stood down, yet each drew different conclusions from the affair. Formally, a string is a finite, ordered sequence of characters such as letters, digits or spaces. [46], In Scotland, the Saltire can be flown at any time by any individual, company, local authority, hospital or school without obtaining express consent. [178], Nonetheless, on May 22 General Rabin reported to Israel's cabinet that the Egyptian forces were in a defensive posture, that they were not being deployed to attack. "[145][146], Nasser publicly denied that Egypt would strike first and spoke of a negotiated peace if Israel allowed all Palestinian refugees the right of return, and of a possible compromise over the Straits of Tiran. With virtual health care, you have access to providers 24/7, and you can access care that works for your schedule. [45], Speaking to the UN General Assembly in September 1960, Nasser had stated that "The only solution to Palestine is that matters should return to the condition prevailing before the error was committed i.e., the annulment of Israel's existence." 679 (The Duke of Connaught's) Squadron Army Air Corps bears a Saltire between two wreaths ensigned 'Scottish Horse', an honour they received in 1971 which originated through their links with the Royal Artillery. The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. ", "First United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF I) Background", "Statement to the General Assembly by Foreign Minister Meir, 1 March 1957", "Daily brief to the U.S president on 27 May 1967", "Memorandum From Secretary of State Rusk to President Johnson", "Rethinking Israel's David-and-Goliath past", "CIA Analysis of the 1967 Arab-Israeli War", 1967: The unwanted war that made the Middle East, http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5195412&fileId=S0020743800065971, "Foreign Relations of the United States, 19641968 Volume XIX, Arab-Israeli Crisis and War, 1967, Document 79 79. The ratio in the First World War was approximately five MMs awarded for every DCM. Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) Legislator Lo Chih-cheng () yesterday proposed a draft amendment to the Civil Servants Election and Recall Act () that would bar people who have been convicted of security breaches from running in national or local elections. The first reads: Lieutenant Paterson was captured on 12 February 1941 at Calabria, Italy, when returning from a special mission. Brown et al. The attacking force consisted of 3,000 to 4,000 soldiers backed by tanks and aircraft. [21] The USSR urged that the collective defense agreement with Egypt had been triggered. Your generous donation will be used to ensure the memory of our Defence Forces and what they have done for us, and what they continue to do for our freedom remains today and into the future. Nasser hurried to an emergency meeting at the headquarters, and told Amer about the exposure of Dawn and asked him to cancel the planned attack. But the damage had been done. Spanish-language radio stations are set to be controlled by a far-left group linked to billionaire George Soros after the Federal Communications Commission cleared a takeover. At the request of the Scots representatives, the designs for consideration included that version of Union Flag showing the Cross of Saint Andrew uppermost; identified as being the "Scots union flagg as said to be used by the Scots". A variety of Saltires at Murrayfield Stadium; the national stadium of Rugby Union in Scotland. All here in your neighborhood. [4] It could also be awarded to members of the Royal Air Force for gallant service on the ground. Reston, James 'The Issue in Cairo: Israel a US "Base"'. [108] On 14 May, Nasser began the re-militarization of the Sinai, and concentrated tanks and troops there. 9899. "[198], According to the U.S. assessment, Egypt had no intention of attacking Israel, and the Americans desperately tried to dissuade Israel from invading Egypt. DO NOT DELETE THE "EMPTY" SECTION CONTROL BELOW THIS. , [170] On the same day, Nasser proclaimed: "The armies of Egypt, Jordan and Syria are poised on the borders of Israel to face the challenge, while standing behind us are the armies of Iraq, Algeria, Kuwait, Sudan and the whole Arab nation. [90] The Israeli newspaper Maariv wrote "This was not an 'incident' but a real war. [39] The badge of the No. Quigley, John, 2012, op. The 48th Infantry Battalion of the Jordanian Army ran into the Israeli forces northwest of Samu; and two companies approaching from the northeast were intercepted by the Israelis, while a platoon of Jordanians armed with two 106mm recoilless guns entered Samu. This principle was clearly stated by the General Assembly in adopting resolution 1001 (ES-I) of 7 November 1956 concerning the establishment of UNEF. "[171], The U.S president envoy reported from Cairo on 30 May that Nasser "cannot and will not retreat" and "he would probably welcome, but not seek, military showdown with Israel". At 2:30a.m. on May 27, Soviet Ambassador to Egypt Dimitri Pojidaev knocked on Nasser's door and read him a personal letter from Kosygin in which he said, "We don't want Egypt to be blamed for starting a war in the Middle East. He was obviously trying to mislead Eban, and through him President Johnson, in order to ensure U.S. support". The Military Medal (MM) was a military decoration awarded to personnel of the British Army and other arms of the armed forces, and to personnel of other Commonwealth countries, below commissioned rank, for bravery in battle on land. The name and service details of the recipient were impressed on the rim of the medal, although honorary awards to foreign recipients were issued unnamed. Discover health solutions for you, your family or your employees, View the 2021 GuideWell Social Impact Report, Shopping for coverage for yourself or your family. [3][4] Many commentators consider the war as the classic case of anticipatory attack in self-defense,[5][6] but some 21st century historians contest the view that Israel acted in self-defense.[7]. On May 30, Jordan and Egypt signed a defense pact. Search our huge selection of new and used video games at fantastic prices at GameStop. Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service, Category:Recipients of the Military Medal, British and Commonwealth orders and decorations, "JSP 761 Honours and Awards in the Armed Forces", BBC "The Military Medal for bravery" 23 March 2016, Supplement to London Gazette 8 October 1982, Supplement to London Gazette, 29 June 1991, Veterans Affairs Canada Military Medal (MM), New Zealand Defence Force: British Commenwealth Gallantry Awards - The Military Medal, "The King's Own Royal Regiment Museum, Military Medal", "The King's Own Royal Regiment Museum, (Lancaster), Military Medal", "Further information and tools to identify British medals", "International Medallists to the Royal British Legion". [25] This is the flag of the Incorporated Trades of Edinburgh, and the focal point of the Riding of the Marches ceremony held in the city each year. [92], Although the April 7 cross-border battle is often called an 'incident', various reactions to the event belie this description. If youre trying to make a payment, please try again later today. [104][105][106] On May 14, Nasser sent his chief of staff, General Fawzi, to Syria in order to verify the Soviet warning. The Red Cross provides in-person support for troops on all military installations in the U.S. and on more than 35 overseas installations including the Far East, Middle East and Europe. Offering a military history and a comprehensive reference on winners of the Military Cross and Bar during the Great War, this book examines each officer's war career, and includes citations for the MC+Bar, along with excerpts of battalion diaries. [103], On May 13, a Soviet intelligence report given by Soviet President Nikolai Podgorny to Egyptian Vice President Anwar Sadat likewise claimed falsely that Israeli troops were massing along the Syrian border. )[5], When the medal was first introduced, it was unpopular among regular soldiers. Understanding Military Structure Podcasts Glossary Wartime Magazine Get Involved Open Information Close Information. [32] Gluska qualified this view by pointing out that such Israeli sovereignty over all of the DMZ "was not sanctioned by the UN". Use of the white "Sanct Androis cors" on blue as a naval flag is recorded for 1507, for the carrack Great Michael. Presione Control-F11 para ajustar el sitio web a las personas con discapacidad visual que estn usando un lector de pantalla; Presione Control-F10 para abrir un men de accesibilidad. We're making it easier for members to get vaccinated, tested and treated for COVID-19 and have increased access to other health care services. [202], General Abdal Muhsin Murtaji, the commander of the Sinai front in 1967, wrote that the failed union with Syria and the debacle in Yemen forced Nasser to find an outlet for his failures, which he found through the 1967 war. As soon as he arrived, he was given new instructions in a cable from the Israeli government. King Hussein was convinced Israel would try to occupy the West Bank whether Jordan went to war, or not.[36]. Ben-gurion diary: MayJune 1967. [173] The Iraqi Prime Minister predicted that "there will be practically no Jewish survivors". The Flag of Scotland and Flag of Canada at the Canmore Highland Games. 1918-1919: horizontal alternate white and purple stripes, The Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) is the third-level military decoration awarded to officers, and since 1993 to other ranks, of the United Kingdom's Royal Air Force and other services, and formerly to officers of other Commonwealth countries, for "an act or acts of valour, courage or devotion to duty whilst flying in active operations against the enemy". In the centre is a laurel wreath around the RAF monogram, surmounted by a heraldic Imperial Crown. All the latest news, views, sport and pictures from Dumfries and Galloway. Writing in 2002, American National Public Radio journalist Mike Shuster expressed a view that was prevalent in Israel before the war that the country "was surrounded by Arab states dedicated to its eradication. However, in 2007 Angus Council approved a proposal to replace the Saltire on Council Buildings with a new Angus flag, based on the council's coat of arms. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2008). Florida Blue offers affordable health insurance plans to individuals, families, and businesses. The troops were to be withdrawn by air and by sea from Port Said. Shopping for coverage for yourself or your family. IT CONTAINS THE GHOST OF CLARA BARTON. The Parliament of Scotland decreed in 1385 that every Scottish and French soldier (fighting against the English under Richard II) "shall have a sign before and behind, namely a white St. Andrew's Cross".[24]. The Arab-Israeli War of 1967: Inadvertent War Through Miscalculated Escalation, in. Major differences however gave the new crisis its own momentum and eventually led to war. Under no circumstances would Israel agree to the stationing of UN forces on its territory or in any area it occupied. British Army Order No. Imperial German 4 Place Medal Bar w/1870 IC w/25 Oaks . File. Our success is based on a tradition of educating lawyers through theory and practice, shaping leaders prepared to grapple with society's most important moral and ethical questions. On 23 May, Rabin realized that by blocking the Tiran straits, Nasser probably understood that he was going to war. [87], Regimental flag of the Royal Regiment of Scotland, Flag of the Scottish Australian Heritage Council, Australia. The Arab world was delirious with support," ". Appearing in later editions of Theatrum Scotiae, the North East View of Edinburgh Castle engraving depicts the Scotch (to use the appropriate adjective of that period) version of the Union Flag flying from the Castle Clock Tower. View all results for thinkgeek. Search our huge selection of new and used video games at fantastic prices at GameStop. , In the summer and autumn of 1966 the PLO carried out several guerrilla attacks that caused death and injury to Israeli civilians and military personnel. Questia. Military.com provides millions of active military, retired and veterans with benefits information including health, education, military discounts, jobs and more. Shlaim, Avi; Louis, William Roger (13 February 2012), Stein, Janice Gross (1991). Until 7:00 PM. & Jeffrey M. Togman (1998). [6] Both the DCM and the MM attracted a gratuity and the decoration allowance of an extra sixpence a day to veterans with a disability pension. The Saltire, the national flag of Scotland: A white (argent) saltire on a blue (azure) field. At the same time, it may be assumed that the Egyptians hope that their actions and demonstration will achieve the practical effect of deterring Israel from implementing its threat. [49][50] Heavy diplomatic pressure from both the United States and the Soviet Union forced Israel into a conditional withdrawal of its military from the Sinai Peninsula,[51] only after satisfactory arrangements had been made with the international force that was about to enter the canal zone. The award was established in 1916, with retrospective application to 1914, and was awarded to other ranks for "acts of gallantry and Quigley, John (December 2012). In April 1967, after meeting with Nasser, Lucius D. Battle, The U.S ambassador in Egypt reported to Washington that Nasser plans to deflect mounting internal pressure against his regime by creating a foreign policy crisis which could be to heat up the Israeli situation. A further 112 MMs awarded 1980-93: 65 for. [59] This led the Israeli cabinet to approve a large scale operation called 'Shredder'. Nigel John Ashton. "The Israeli Military and the 1967 War", Routledge, 2007, p. 95. [38] In January 1964 an Arab League summit meeting convened in Cairo, claimed that the diversion of the Jordan waters by Israel multiplies the dangers to Arab existence and decided to deprive Israel of 35% of the National Water Carrier capacity, by a diversion of the Jordan River headwaters (both the Hasbani and the Banias tributaries) to the Yarmouk River, although the scheme was only marginally feasible, it was technically difficult and expensive. Tension was so high that most people, and not just the Arabs, assumed that something much bigger than usual was being planned against Syria.[98][99]. [20] On April 7, 1967 Israel invaded Syria. [120] The UN Secretary-General, U Thant, demanded an all-or-nothing clarification from Nasser, leaving the Egyptians with little choice but to ask for their total withdrawal. Education transforms lives and is at the heart of UNESCOs mission to build peace, eradicate poverty and drive sustainable development. It's a question we ask ourselves every day For more than 75 years, Florida has been our one and only home. 00. [121] U Thant then attempted to negotiate with the Egyptian government, but on May 18 the Egyptian Foreign Minister informed nations with troops in UNEF that the UNEF mission in Egypt and the Gaza Strip had been terminated and that they must leave immediately. We want to make sure you get the care you need. thomas jefferson 1 cent stamp About Us. [107], Egyptian Field Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer explained to (Soviet Ambassador) Pozhidaev that the influx of troops into Sinai was for deterrence: "Israel will not risk starting major military actions against Syria, because if it does Egyptian military units, having occupied forward initial positions on this border will immediately move out on the basis of the mutual defense agreement with Syria. Gawrych (2000) p. 5. According to Indar Jit Rikhye, Egyptian Foreign Minister Mahmoud Riad told him that the Soviet Union had persuaded Egypt to enter the pact with two ideas in mind: to reduce the chances of a punitive attack on Syria by Israel, and to bring the Syrians under Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser's moderating influence. "The Six-Day War and Israeli Self-Defense", Kindle Location 485. Deaths Among U.S. Air Force Basic Military Trainees, 2008-2020 Among the more notable recipients are: Jack Ford, a leading character in the BBC TV series When The Boat Comes In, is a World War I recipient of the Military Medal. The resulting tit-for-tat escalated, leading to tanks, heavy mortars, machine guns, and artillery[dubious discuss] being used in various sections along the 47 mile (76km) border in what was described as "a dispute over cultivation rights in the demilitarized zone south-east of Lake Tiberias." Brecher, Michael (1996). After the closing of the Straits of Tiran, Israeli Foreign Minister Abba Eban contended that this was enough to start the war. Caregivers from all eras and services are invited to join and exchange experience, empathy, education and encouragement. Former Chief of Staff of the armed forces Haim Bar-Lev (a deputy chief during the war) stated: "the entrance of the Egyptians into Sinai was not a casus belli," but argued instead that the Egyptian blockade of the Straits of Tiran ultimately caused the war. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2004). [9], Throughout the history of fabric production natural dyes have been used to apply a form of colour,[10] with dyes from plants, including indigo and woad, having dozens of compounds whose proportions may vary according to soil type and climate; therefore giving rise to variations in shade. On May 18, he posed that option to Israel's UN ambassador, Gideon Rafael, as a protection against a possible invasion. [4], A bar is added to the ribbon for holders of the DFC who received a further award, with a silver rosette worn on the ribbon when worn alone to denote the award of each bar. [208], Issues that led to the 1967 ArabIsraeli War, Territorial, water ways and water resources disputes, The Egyptian right to remove the U.N. peacekeepers, Rejected Egyptian plan to attack Israel on 27 May. being placed next to a stylised image of the Saltire. [186][187][188][189], Israel viewed the Straits of Tiran as a vital interest, through which Israel received vital imports, mainly oil from Iran, and a blockade threatened Israel's ability to develop the Negev.[190]. In late 1918 he was detached from 1 Squadron AFC for special duty with the Royal Air Force in connection with a flight between Egypt and India. "Egypt Closes Gulf Of Aqaba To Israel Ships: Defiant move by Nasser raises Middle East tension". The Victoria Cross for Australia is the "decoration for according recognition to persons who in the presence of the enemy, perform acts of the most conspicuous gallantry, or daring or pre-eminent acts of valour or self-sacrifice It is a human right for all throughout life. The proclamation by King James, made on 12 April 1606, which led to the creation of the Union Flag states: By the King: Whereas, some differences hath arisen between Our subjects of South and North Britaine travelling by Seas, about the bearing of their Flagges: For the avoiding of all contentions hereafter. [47], In the United Kingdom, owners of vehicles registered in Great Britain have the option of displaying the Saltire on the vehicle registration plate, in conjunction with the letters "SCO" or alternatively the word "Scotland". [141][142], According to Sami Sharaf, Minister of State for Presidential Affairs, Nasser knew that the decision to block the Tiran straits made the war "inevitable". In 1999 the DFC was replaced by the New Zealand Gallantry Decoration. "[67], Facing a storm of criticism from Jordanians, Palestinians, and his Arab neighbors for failing to protect Samu, Hussein ordered a nationwide mobilization on November 20. [53] The practice of maritime vessels adopting the Saltire, for use as a jack or courtesy flag, may lead to possible confusion in that the Saltire closely resembles the maritime signal flag M, "MIKE", which is used to indicate "My vessel is stopped; making no way. [32] In Iraq, during both Operation Granby and the subsequent Operation Telic, the Saltire was seen to be flown from the communications whip antenna of vehicles belonging to these units. The conventional view has long suggested that Israel's actions leading into the war were prudent, laying the blame for the war on Egypt. Embattled neighbors: Syria, Israel, and Lebanon, By Robert G Rabil, p.15-16. Whilst, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, this design is considered by most vexillologists to have been unofficial, there is reason to believe that such flags were employed during the 17th century for use on Scottish vessels at sea. Without advance planning nor having been submitted for prior approval to the Ministerial Committee on Security,[86] Israeli aircraft dive-bombed Syrian positions with 250 and 500kg bombs. The matters pertaining to this subject have been discussed in three preceding videos posted at LRC (one, two three)General Edwin A. Walker was the only U.S. Army general officer to resign his commission amid his tour of duty in the 20th century.Was he a patriot, a madman, or a little of both?What was his connection to Lee Harvey Oswald and the JFK assassination? [16]From 1918 to 1972 the DFC was awarded to 2,391 Australians, along with 144 first Bars and five second Bars. This move led to public outcry across Scotland with more than 7,000 people signing a petition opposing the council's move, leading to a compromise whereby the Angus flag would not replace but be flown alongside the Saltire on council buildings. When the tractor returned on the morning of April 7, 1967, as predicted in the plan, the Syrians opened fire again initially with light weapons. Oren, Michael (2006). [64] He had been having secret meetings with Israeli foreign ministers Abba Eban and Golda Meir for three years. An unofficial variant used in the Kingdom of Scotland during the 17th century, following the Union of the Crowns. Reassessing Israel's Road to Sinai/Suez, 1956: A "Trialogue". The next day, on the morning of November 13, the Israel Defense Forces invaded Jordan, crossing the border into the West Bank and attacked Es Samu. [4], The reverse is plain, except for a central roundel bearing the reigning monarch's cypher and the date '1918'. "[103] With what Israel saw as provocative acts by Nasser, including the blockade of the Straits and the mobilization of forces in the Sinai, creating military and economic pressure, and the United States temporizing because of its entanglement in the Vietnam War, Israel's political and military elite came to feel that preemption was not merely militarily preferable, but transformative. The connection between the field sign and the legendary mode of crucifixion of the saint may originate in Scotland, in the late 14th century. We decided to attack him. In early November, 1966, Syria signed a mutual defense agreement with Egypt. [30] Other Scottish bodies, both private and public, have also used the saltire in similar ways. "[133], Jacques Roux, France's ambassador in Cairo, gave Maurice Couve de Murville, the French foreign minister, an assessment that Egypt was making its moves in reaction to accusations that Egypt was not living up to its obligations to other Arab states. [138] In order to enforce the blockade, Egypt falsely announced that the Tiran straits had been mined. Three flags of Scotland marking the Anglo-Scottish Border. Tension escalated, with both sides' armies mobilising. Subsequently he was imprisoned at Sulmona, Pisa, Padula and Gavi (Camp 5). And at firstLe Lotus Nail Bar & Beauty Salon. In 1964 he said, "We swear to God that we shall not rest until we restore the Arab nation to Palestine and Palestine to the Arab nation. The Syrians would fire on these tractors and would frequently shell Israeli settlements. [49] In Northern Ireland, sections of the Protestant community routinely employ the Saltire as a means of demonstrating and celebrating their Ulster-Scots heritage. In May 1967, Hafez al-Assad, then Syria's Defense Minister declared: "Our forces are now entirely ready not only to repulse the aggression, but to initiate the act of liberation itself, and to explode the Zionist presence in the Arab homeland. [42], This was the largest scale operation that Israel had been involved with since the Suez Crisis. Review of Military Casualties in Modern ConflictsThe Re-emergence of Casualties From Armored Warfare . "[91] Under these circumstances, the Soviet Union intervened to halt the downward course of events and to deter Israel by activating the EgyptianSyrian defense pact signed in November 1966 under Soviet pressure for this precise purpose. Koboril, Iwao and Glantz, Michael H. (1998). [151] According to historian Tom Segev, the instructions sent to Eban in Washington were an attempt to mislead him, and through him president Johnson, to support Israel.[152]. The origins of the Six-Day War, which was fought between June 5 and June 10, 1967, by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt (known then as the United Arab Republic, UAR), Jordan, and Syria, include both longstanding and immediate issues. He then sent scores of tanks and hundreds of troops into the Sinai closer to Israel. [97] BBC journalist Jeremy Bowen reports: The toughest threat was reported by the news agency United Press International (UPI) on 12 May: 'A high Israeli source said today that Israel would take limited military action designed to topple the Damascus army regime if Syrian terrorists continue sabotage raids inside Israel. [4] It is also, where possible, flown from Scottish Government buildings every day from 8:00 am until sunset, with certain exceptions. This will breid some heit and miscontentment betwix your Majesteis subjectis, and it is to be ferit that some inconvenientis sall fall out betwix thame, for oure seyfairing men cannot be inducit to ressave that flag as it is set doun. [5] If there are two or more flagpoles present, the Saltire may be flown in addition to the Union Flag but not in a superior position. [28][29] In defense of the Israeli actions historian Michael Oren said that "[t]here is an element of truth to Dayan's claim", but that Israeli actions were justified, as "Israel regarded the de-militarized zones in the north as part of their sovereign territory". [2] It was awarded to other ranks including non-commissioned officers and warrant officers, and ranked below the Distinguished Conduct Medal (DCM). The Red Cross helps members of the military, veterans and their families prepare for, cope with, and respond to, the challenges of military service. While Syria supported such operations, Egypt and Jordan refused to let PLO guerrillas operate from their territory. [158] Amer consulted his sources in the Kremlin, and they corroborated the substance of Kosygin's message. [citation needed], In the video game Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Siege, the SAS character named Mike "Thatcher" Baker is seen wearing the Military Medal. Abbott & Tamplin, British Gallantry Awards, 2nd edition. [91] It is also used in an official capacity at Royal residences in Scotland when the Sovereign is not present.[92]. A replica 17th-century Covenanters' flag. We've spent $500 million to shore him up as a stabilizing factor on Israel's longest border and vis--vis Syria and Iraq. The crest of the former RAF East Fortune, East Lothian, also showed a sword surmounting the Saltire, however, unlike Leuchars, this sword was shown inverted[44] and the station crest of the former RAF Turnhouse, Edinburgh, showed a Saltire surmounted by an eagle's head. Lieutenant Charles Oxenham 8 4067, Military Cross (49889341097).jpg 900 1,328; 221 KB Lionel Beaumont-Thomas.jpg 605 800; 68 KB Lord Stanley.jpg 962 1,343; 268 KB Israel called upon Jordan numerous times to refrain from hostilities. Burrowes, Robert & Muzzio, Douglas (1972). [47][48], The Suez Crisis of 1956 represented a military defeat but a political victory for Egypt, and set the stage leading to the Six-Day War. If you don't want to start a global crisis, prevent them from doing that." [13], These variations in shade eventually led to calls to standardise the colour of Scotland's national flag,[14] and in 2003 a committee of the Scottish Parliament met to examine a petition that the Scottish Executive adopt the Pantone 300 colour as a standard (note that this blue is of a lighter shade than the Pantone 280 of the Union Flag). [167] However, according to Avi Shlaim, Hussein's actions were prompted by his feelings of Arab nationalism. Israeli national defence policy came to see any mass deployment of Egyptian forces on its border as unacceptable, and believed new rules had been set in place. Kindle Edition. "The Israeli Military and the 1967 War", Routledge, 2007, p. 40, Gluska, Ami. According to Mutawi, Hussein was caught on the horns of a galling dilemma: allow Jordan to be dragged into war and face the brunt of the Israeli response, or remain neutral and risk full-scale insurrection among his own people. There were some who even thought that it would be to Israel's advantage. Of these, 193 crosses and nine first bars were for service with the RAF in World War I. Syria, aligned with the Soviet bloc, began sponsoring guerrilla raids on Israel in the early 1960s as part of its "people's war of liberation", designed to deflect domestic opposition to the Ba'ath Party. After the 1956 war, the region returned to an uneasy balance without resolution of any of the underlying issues. While the diplomatic and political developments were not as Israel expected, following the operation Hussein worked hard to avoid any further clashes by preventing guerrilla operations from being launched from within Jordan. Instead, Israel's commanders based their thought on the 1948 war and, especially, their 1956 triumph over the Egyptians in which, from then Chief of Staff Dayan down, they had gained their spurs. [29] Many bodies of the Scottish Government use the flag as a design basis for their logo. He was transferred to the Australian Flying Corps in October 1916 and was promoted to captain in November 1917. [22], In ANZAC Girls episode 6, "Courage", Sister Ross-King and three other nurses are awarded the Military Medal for bravery under fire. Dental, Life and Disability are offered by Florida Combined Life Insurance Company, Inc., DBA Florida Combined Life. Amazon's Choice for military ribbon bars. [114][115][116][117][118] Rikhye said he would report to the Secretary-General for instructions. The Jordanian Air Force intervened as well and a Jordanian Hunter fighter was shot down in the action. [161], Abdel Magid Farid,[162] suggests that Nasser did actually consider the first strike option until early on 27 May, when he was hauled out of bed at mid night by the Soviet Union ambassador (his only source of arms and spare parts) and warned not to precipitate a confrontation. This comprises 46 for World War I, 927 with 34 first and three second award bars for World War II, eight with three bars to members of the US Air Force for the Korean War,[12] and one to the US Marine Corps during the Iraq War. Find Cheap Flights with easyJet Over the last 25 years easyJet has become Europes leading short-haul airline, revolutionising European air travel by allowing passengers to book cheap flights across Europes top flight routes, connecting more than 30 countries and over 100 cities.Were not only committed to providing low-cost flight tickets, but also providing a great service to and "I told them I could not absorb a serious retaliatory raid, and they accepted the logic of this and promised there would never be one".[65]. The two divisions he sent into Sinai on May 14 would not have been enough to unleash an offensive against Israel. Churchill, Randolph & Churchill, Winston (1967). James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas at the Battle of Otterburn (1388) reportedly used a pennon with a saltire at the hoist. It was, of course, possible to avoid the war if the Straits [of Tiran] had stayed closed to Israeli shipping. UK Sign Military Cross GVIR.png 309 309; 103 KB. However, the term azure does not refer to a particular shade of blue. Together, we're committed to making a meaningful difference in the health of all Floridians. On the morning of May 27, Egypt demanded that the Canadian contingent be evacuated within 48 hours "on grounds of the attitude adopted by the Government of Canada in connection with UNEF and the United Arab Republic Government's request for its withdrawal, and to prevent any probable reaction from the people of the United Arab Republic against the Canadian Forces in UNEF." The withdrawal of the Canadian contingent was accelerated and completed on May 31, with the effect that UNEF was left without its logistics and air support components. [80], In November 1966, Egypt and Syria signed a defense pact whereby each country would support the other if it were attacked. A circular silver medal of 36mm diameter. [139] 90% of Israeli oil passed through the Straits of Tiran. [42] The diversion works would have reduced the installed capacity of Israel's carrier by about 35%, and Israel's overall water supply by about 11%. The Israeli government asked the U.S. and UK to reopen the Straits of Tiran, as they had guaranteed they would in 1957. The larger force of eight Centurion Tanks, followed by 400 paratroopers mounted in 40 open-topped half-tracks and 60 engineers in 10 more half-tracks, headed for Samu; while a smaller force of three tanks and 100 paratroopers and engineers in 10 half-tracks headed towards two smaller villages: Kirbet El-Markas and Kirbet Jimba. The withdrawal plan envisaged that the last personnel of UNEF would leave the area on June 30, 1967. [130] Bunche (UN expert on Middle East diplomacy) fully adhered to the secretary-general's position that Egypt had a sovereign right to dismiss UNEF, however imprudent that decision might be. [102], Egyptian Field Marshal Amer formulated a plan for initiating an attack on Israel in late May; it was rejected by Nasser who felt that despite the rising tensions, Egypt should not attack Israel unless Israel attacked first. [20], The 1320 Declaration of Arbroath cites Scotland's conversion to Christianity by St. Andrew, "the first to be an Apostle". [22] In May 1967, Nasser received false reports from the Soviet Union that Israel was massing on the Syrian border. The Governments of India and Yugoslavia decided to withdraw their troops from UNEF, regardless of the decision of U Thant. "[200], Some of Israel's political leaders, however, hoped for a diplomatic solution. [5], Use of the flag is first recorded with the illustration of a heraldic flag in Sir David Lyndsay of the Mount's Register of Scottish Arms, c. Stay on top of the news all day with the Tribunes web notifications. Boston College Law School is among the nations best law schools. [6] While remaining a reward for "flying in active operations against the enemy", the requirement was changed from "valour, courage or devotion to duty"[3] to "exemplary gallantry". A defaced Saltire belonging to the Bass Rock golf club, North Berwick. Nes came away from the conversation "certain" that Egypt had "no aggressive intent. [82] In 2006 historian David R. Ross called for Scotland to once again adopt this design in order to "reflect separate national identities across the UK". Search over 5 million campaign medal cards on The UK National Archives' website. Military.com provides millions of active military, retired and veterans with benefits information including health, education, military discounts, jobs and more. The defense policies of nations: a comparative study, by Douglas Murray, Paul R. Viotti, p. 500, "Report of ground/air action on Israeli/Syrian border on 7 April 1967, from Defence and Military Attach's office", "Syria/Israel, account of incident from Eastern Department; attack on Sqoufiye reported by UNTSO PRO/FCO 17/473", "Foreign Affairs Oral History Project, ASSISTANT SECRETARY LUCIUS D. BATTLE Interview", "Report of the Secretary-General on the withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Force, General Assembly A/6730 & Add.1-3 & A/6730/Add.3/Corr.1", "OpenDocument Yearbook of the United Nations 1967", "U.N. 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