endobj By using this website, you agree with our Cookies Policy. An operating system manages computer memory by:-, Taking care of allocation and de-allocation of memory spaces/ partitions to various, keeping track of which parts of memory are currently being used and by whom, Deciding which processes are to be loaded into the main memory when memory, Operating system Memory management Schemes/ Techniques, The operating system employs the following techniques in managing the computer memory:-, This is the easiest memory management technique. RAM size is subdivided into two memory, partitions to only accommodate one user process and the kernel files thus limiting the, user to only execute one task at a time. A memory map of the executable files initialized global variables, called the data section. stream /ColorSpace << WebIn this video, we will discuss and learn about how to use memory management operators in C++ in Hindi. void *realloc(void *address, int newsize); This function re-allocates memory extending it upto newsize. x=^qL>>RgM&4YN+v)J$^L)%jJ Mk /F10 10 0 R CSCI 402. homework Required fields are marked *. Automatic memory management is the default mode of C++ where the . 1 0 obj /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB EFVU(eufv7GWgw8HXhx)9IYiy*:JZjz m !1AQa"q2#BRbr3$4CS%cs5DT /Filter /DCTDecode Allocates 'nbytes' of memory in the heap. << /Parent 2 0 R <> depending on the size of the admitted user process. >> /A 8 0 R >> << /R11 11 0 R /Producer ( w k h t m l t o p d f) A memory map of the zero /Type /Page >> Also, the C programming language is a programming language that has been widely used since the 1970s and is still being today. WebC memory management techniques by Dorfman, Len; Neuberger, Marc J. /Type /ExtGState /Contents 13 0 R 479 /Resources 17 0 R [ 14 0 R ] /Title ( C - M e m o r y M a n a g e m e n t) COPY LINK TO DOWNLOAD : https://pdf.ebooklibrary.pw/0471049980 Using techniques developed in the classroom at America Online's Programmer's University, Michael Daconta deftly pilots programmers through the intricacies of the two most difficult aspects of C++ programming: pointers and dynamic memory management. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. int[] list = { 4, 8, 10, 6, 2, 8, 5 }; What would the list look like after one pass of the outer loop of the bubble sort algorithm? M~Zk]tFA[~Oyi4WF@3g V6~#| DOP|Q) l_]( uHkD O[%Y B%dMYq BO.+%t3 7sY7Wm,Dy|L5h/pD^jz=JMV8uu$1 |_SEfr^ @}sLd@*Ajh9 +Im+jgV']D\WL!5(Z(i=24 Books to Borrow. While programming, if you are aware of the size of an array, then it is easy and you can define it as an array. The uploader already confirmed that they had the permission to publish it. /Subtype /Image This document can be a reference for students, professionals, and even teachers who are in learning about the C programming language. 25 0 obj WebSearch for jobs related to Memory management in c pdf or hire on the world's largest freelancing marketplace with 20m+ jobs. WebAllocates 'nbytes' of memory in the heap. Severe in static partitioning schemes. Web(Aside: real vs virtual memory) Memory management depends on capabilities of 1. the hardware and 2. the operating system (OS) On primitive computers, which can only run a single process and have no real OS, the memory of the process may simply be all the physical memory Eg, for an old 64K computer hic 5 heap (grows upwards) code (read /ExtGState << WebMemory Management in C There are two ways in which memory can be allocated in C: by declaring variables by explicitly requesting space from C We have discussed variable declaration in other lectures, but here we will describe requesting dynamic memory allocation and memory management. /SM 0.02 Learn more, Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning Prime Pack. [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] A precompiler is required to translate embedded SQL. 5 0 obj Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. s !1AQa"q2B#R3b$r%C4Scs5D'6Tdt& Also, the document gives information on how to use pointers and address operators to make changes to the memory. The next two questions refer to the following: Cell class reference: public class Cell {, Which of the following are true? /A 8 0 R ]5%i0.E lL%*-U(B{dPgFA#| 1Y/*3A;v4wax;.rEkLu#Ol@i `'PQ. Guaranteed not to overlap other allocated memory. C: Memory Management and Usage C: Memory Management and Usage Instructor: Stephan Kaminsky Review Pointers and arrays are very similar Strings are just char pointers/arrays << %PDF-1.2 % 10 0 obj << /Length 11 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream }C8itP[ AO0V%"ee "%7m4zoDbL^K;|&Er@%/ \v*DtzIm-`E^fJ*Zyy^TIE^-^QV[)"Z:q;\BIUp \. /Annots 18 0 R 807.500000 0] /R10 10 0 R << /R6 6 0 R Also, the problem of this group is usually seen only in assembly language or on systems that do not support the C library. Webmanual-memory-management-in-c 1/1 Downloaded from vendors.metro.net on November 25, 2022 by guest Manual Memory Management In C Eventually, you will extremely discover a additional experience and endowment by spending more cash. endobj 425.750000 0] /CreationDate (D:20150930134839-05'00') 3 0 obj stream +3"Z "s%z$4C-9[2I]|1\qi>!%/7TTk[h* 2)A_ePO vYq+O{cFxm~Yj%_KaiErE`ye$vkSg:7SFvIA`C*3 .j_9\]Cl HOpo-RT2CnG163endstream 5 0 obj >> Memory Management Operators. Includes bibliographical references and index. Function and Description 1 void *callocintnum,intsize; This function allocates an array of num elements each of which size in bytes will be size. C++ uses three types of memory management: automatic, manual, and stack-based. The second group is when the memory management functions that are by the compiler do not work well. #"""#'''''''''' /Font << stream /A << 1. after a database has been created, there are two ways of populating the tables - either from existing data, A relational database can be defined as a self-describing collection of non-integrated relations. /Parent 2 0 R /R11 11 0 R We make use of First and third party cookies to improve our user experience. May leads to internal fragmentation: some of the allocated memory may be unused. /Creator () /F7 7 0 R endobj Similar to constructor in Java allocates space. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] All you need of Computer Science Engineering (CSE) at this link: Computer Science Engineering (CSE) Use Code STAYHOME200 and get INR 200 _l6_eyI=AYHuR@(3 This unoccupied space is known as, This is because of unused space created by a. process within its allocated partition (internal). This results in occupying all partitions with lots of unoccupied, space left. 12 0 obj What Is A Level 5 Management Qualification? /CSp /DeviceRGB /R15 15 0 R /CA 1.0 stream Internet Archive Books. /SMask /None>> >> xUn0_S"RR8Zref+KE'ur)98\,30 ^o=1S.btzz$I%IKRX}kDl_4SwGrf__v'S#71 Same program can be written using calloc(); only thing is you need to replace malloc with calloc as follows . C programming memory management PDF is a PDF document that explains the importance of the C programming language for memory management. !! endobj /Font << Your email address will not be published. /Border [0 0 0] '''''''''' ? /Contents 15 0 R 1 0 obj system throughput refers to the total number of. /Name /Im1 Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. /S /URI !! >> (iii)The user program is limited to the size available in the main memory. Memory management is a process that is used to allocate and release memory in a program. endobj Books for People with Print Disabilities. Memory Management is the process of controlling and coordinating computer memory, assigning portions of computer memory to running programs, and freeing it for reuse when no 3 0 obj /F9 9 0 R As a result, it is an important topic to be studied. This function allocates an array of num bytes and leave them uninitialized. endobj AoD"_SiUss,/pCzaO.L.gK{yn$zuFF:D6}14g8SZ=zv}rd !~VaywF~v!u*j(|4+W7a: z@9u"79/m~rvfz { >|SmHo/3NE1gN a 0 y2M;S3yf"X: I_K]g4FV6369}ile,mLEvP@bHNLM=4 = py)rn$m'h )|:es!6@GlX,a\hB(c~jd6lI. /Type /Annot /XObject << /A 8 0 R /Subtype /Link This chapter explains dynamic memory management in C. The C programming language provides several functions for memory allocation and management. These functions can be found in the header file. This function allocates an array of num elements each of which size in bytes will be size. It's free to sign up and bid on jobs. Memory Management Algorithms and Implementation in C/C++ by Bill Blunden Wordware Publishing, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Blunden, Bill, 1969Memory Webprovides several functions for memory allocation and management. endobj % The main objective of this PDF is to provide an overview of the basic functions provided by the C language for memory management. 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WebMemory Management Algorithms And Implementation In C/c++ [PDF] Authors: Bill Blunden PDF Computers , Programming: Programming Languages Add to Wishlist Share 16705 views Download Embed This document was uploaded by our user. >> [0 /XYZ 34.5000000 /Length 4588 This PDF will help the reader to better understand how to manage memory in the C programming language. Get access to all 12 pages and additional benefits: For the following list: Is c. the correct answer? The following are some of the methods used by this PDF: C programming memory management is a set of techniques for managing memory in the C programming language. /R11 11 0 R l ^II4UuwXzde3#q})nt-YYtz ?^G1!x" s1`%Y^AiHQ78yakl:@R~?mo-u&7{{g/ %k:s: &K3!aaMq}O[_/LfuYq&lXF 7$?y>\fY_>s?_^fi~U2i@%~ }?AtVrG%OLW?Is|1U N9! B9&53ZY'` br]+Ul'/SSSn=6=@{1,,z2AF+u -"#OizNiugU$8f&$, ` O~ lv9]rY[J6c2`_W;A3f m?a .:7q 1O.Om{y4k/eEjBS eBwwG.eYPdm;3pXy1FkZ'=dYq.c`jW\:>q+d@E)pI,|t0n q=q3[+F*'I{ o+F`G#Y%\g4'Op ].Z?SxNC b"f$F\[oi:q6tySjs/f3]D3~x\\;"~?q-wm.c99`18Nxeg~^~^y3MEX"FMUncCN;=jVjW&i[&IV'^454(7R\;N#`yz}U+DO5=)YRpTt'&2 (lUjE%Y%t>m5K0WC'\~t6wsXIly)"v?&ky-=D8o,}sM|8^7.3L3^m7t9C5Z|8t{ wL9cZHX*snUg6B 7s~ktaK)6Ys :~POhc).dD^zV?J~yRh`mxXZigc Space allocated uninitialized (random garbage). >> WebMemory Management Algorithms and Implementation in C/C++ by Bill Blunden Wordware Publishing, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Blunden, Bill, 1969Memory management: algorithms and implementation in C/C++ / by Bill Blunden. Ef ciency of Memory Allocation Algorithms, Access to our library of course-specific study resources, Up to 40 questions to ask our expert tutors, Unlimited access to our textbook solutions and explanations. Binding Programs need real memory in Your email address will not be published. %PDF-1.2 /Type /Page <> This language is to be one of the most important languages because it is simple and easy to use. >> /Type /XObject endobj deallocation, memory ownership models, and memory leaks. 21 0 obj void free( void *ptr ) ; Frees the memory assigned to ptr. For students, this PDF will help them understand how to manage memory in C programming. /Parent 2 0 R For example, to store a name of any person, it can go up to a maximum of 100 characters, so you can define something as follows , But now let us consider a situation where you have no idea about the length of the text you need to store, for example, you want to store a detailed description about a topic. endobj UCLA Extension Course OO Programming with C++ Dynamic Memory Management In C++, the new() and delete() operators provide built-in language support for dynamic memory allocation What is the Importance of C Programming Memory Management PDF? What is the importance of c programming memory management PDF? Affordable solution to train a team and make them project ready. WebThe document Chapter - C++ Memory Management, PPT, C++ Programming, Semester, Engineering Notes - Computer Science Engineering (CSE) is a part of Computer Science Engineering (CSE) category. IQ`T{#y6Q6a>(pmm\wD?b {3\qRzFebv"&N W[n?endstream http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cprogramming/c_memory_management.htm Copyright tutorialspoint.com CC -- MMEEMMOORRYY MMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTT This chapter will One is the problems caused by the programmer, while the other is by the C compiler. &6E'dtU7()euFVfvGWgw8HXhx9IYiy*:JZjz ? The library functions are responsible for heap management instead of user programs. This chapter explains dynamic memory management in C. The C programming language provides several functions for memory allocation and management. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] So you have complete control and you can pass any size value while allocating memory, unlike arrays where once the size defined, you cannot change it. This article discusses the meaning of the topic. Package for explicit assignment and releasing memory vs. >> MS-DOS operating system allocates memory in, An illustration of single continuous allocation, Advantages of Single Contiguous Allocation Method, No special hardwares and softwares required. /Width 223 The C programming language provides several functions for memory allocation and management. These functions can be found in the header file. This function allocates an array of num elements each of which size in bytes will be size. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] A precompiler is required to translate SQLJ. |t?@w,RKUY_PtE 13 0 obj endobj It's free to sign up and bid on jobs. 18 0 obj >> 8: Memory Management 5 MEMORY MANAGEMENT Relocatable Means that the program image can reside anywhere in physical memory. /Pattern << /Type /Page At the end of each section, there is some Memory Management is the process of controlling and. /F11 11 0 R endobj 1 C Memory Management 1.In which memory sections (CODE, STATIC, HEAP, STACK) do the following reside? manual-memory-management-in-c 1/1 Downloaded from vendors.metro.net on November 25, 2022 by guest Manual Memory Management In C Eventually, you will extremely discover a Select one: a. These functions can be found in the header file. << endobj c.Embedded SQL uses variables, Please ignore the attached image. Alternatively, you can increase or decrease the size of an allocated memory block by calling the function realloc(). /Parent 2 0 R {, Which of the following is an incorrect statement? WebMemory Management. ?$wzu.z"?O8>KMuwlzkWLQJevl&Qh3TAM*Aj;)FRUSY!6nDb5fu^HQ$ax1z?~vwnJrjAY6 ~H"z'":SrO+]sZ5|m[N? /R10 10 0 R (Aside: real vs virtual memory) Memory management depends on capabilities of 1. the hardware and 2. the operating system (OS) On primitive computers, which can only run a single process cTSB jstsSP:i:P(ZT ^t(. /Resources << /ProcSet [/PDF /ImageB /Text] stream Garbage Collectors. Here we need to define a pointer to character without defining how much memory is required and later, based on requirement, we can allocate memory as shown in the below example . /AIS false 4 0 obj Activity 2 - Why Government_StudentDocs_iCivics (1)-1.docx, 9 Access modifiers are used to control the visibility of what Select the best, Analyzing Titles, Introductions, and Conclusions (1).doc. /Resources << /ProcSet [/PDF /ImageB /Text] )); Select one: True False Referential integrity constraints are concerned with checking INSERT and, What is the answer to the following question? @k[JiQVYbCmM'4u_9-tarKVW`t8GmvFQ{A;A0KU0 {W8[0kWW<5iFww$t[uz--j Z4*E":60 HC*U[S1Y[dnntU>GP4$^1*S?6m]ZWk}[Q9Cendstream When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result. endobj /Contents 20 0 R ISBN 1-55622-347-1 1. What is Memory Management? Memory management is a process of managing computer memory, assigning the memory space to the programs to improve the overall system performance. Why is memory management required? As we know that arrays store the homogeneous data, so most of the time, memory is allocated to the array at the declaration time. #define C 2 const int val = 16; char arr[] = "foo"; void foo(int arg){char *str = /Filter /FlateDecode shows how to check whether there is any memory leak problem in C programming. % This chapter explains dynamic memory management in C. The C programming language provides several functions for memory allocation and management. b. /Length 16 0 R /PCSp 4 0 R g}KBRS#\!4dx ^nnt?+gZ("/EyUC KoRPr[x Rez06^m94+t 6O>QZ.M(0j yCg. /ca 1.0 Algorithms And Implementation In C & C++ [PDF] Type: PDF Size: 4MB Download as PDF Download as DOCX Download as PPTX Download Original PDF This document was uploaded by user and they confirmed that they have the 12 0 obj WebFragmentation refers to the unused memory that the memory management system cannot allocate. (PDF) Memory managment Memory managment In book: Operating System Concepts (pp.37) Edition: 7 Chapter: Memory managment Publisher: John wiley & sons inc, Select one: a. Publication date 1993 Topics C (Computer program language), Memory management (Computer science) 14 day loan required to access EPUB and PDF files. Search for jobs related to Memory management in c pdf or hire on the world's largest freelancing marketplace with 20m+ jobs. These causes can be into two groups. x]I9"!rx2 8s*HUmc\Jz[V{oS~W'~ds7]gPu=~r~?0~TzE"WMw ?:^)ee]w8oyn\. 1 Memory management in C: The heap and the stack Leo Ferres Department of Computer Science Universidad de Concepcion leo@inf.udec.cl October 7, 2010 1 Introduction When a program is loaded into memory, its organized into three areas of memory, called segments: the text segment, the stack segment, and the heap segment. %PDF-1.4 Adobe d 15 0 obj <> Memory management is the Operating System function responsible for managing computers, internal and external memory. /Font << In these cases, although you have removed the pointer, it still refers to an already freed memory location. WebAllows manual memory management for dynamic memory allocation via a group of library functions. C programming memory management PDF is a PDF document that explains the importance of This function releases a block of memory block specified by address. Network Programming Management Lecture Notes, Business Management Programming And Development, Computer Programming Company In The Philippines, Database Management Programming Languages, Linear Programming In Management Accounting, Memory Management Programming Guide For Core Foundation. I seem to get different answers from different people. /R6 6 0 R explains how to manage memory in the C programming language with the help of pointer and address operators. >> In this technique, the main memory is divided into fixed memory partitions of the same size. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] 7-}eh]S|,gFFp&~l_7Mi?TO_? WebMechanisms for mmap File or device backed physical pages are stored in page cache These pages may be accessed in two ways Direct memory reference: e.g., *p = File operations: e.g., write(fd, ) Must map file descriptor and file offset to physical page and offset within page Data structure is conceptually similar to page table Memory management refers to all methods used in memory to store code and data, track use, and, where possible, retrieve memory space. It has been widely used in embedded systems and operating systems. << endobj In, this method, all types of computer's memory except a small portion which is reserved for, the OS is available for one application i.e. Returns pointer to the first byte (or NULL if the heap is full). >> When your program comes out, operating system automatically release all the memory allocated by your program but as a good practice when you are not in need of memory anymore then you should release that memory by calling the function free(). 809 512 A memory map of the executable files code, called the text section. >> >> 20 0 obj For teachers, this document provides a way to teach students about memory management and memory leak problems, which are important concepts when it comes to handling memory. WebFAQ for Kernel Programming Assignments - CSCI 402, Spring 2015, All Sections. As for professionals, this PDF can be a guide to help them identify the issues that may arise during the process of managing memory in the C programming language. endobj /BitsPerComponent 8 >> /R6 6 0 R /Contents 4 0 R xT]k0}^+T5_("VJ]-YW?Rst]P '!_-TYaZRQ%JYd~ Uqia[$@PARd5$? ;zCn{TCe]aCn@(NHEx3nlXSS`vusl(OikL^J35=a3z3igmZJ-kl\x,j8 fcfncs:m/`E8%x.J|9[V coordinating computer memory, assigning portions of computer memory to running programs, and freeing it for reuse when no longer needed in order to optimize the overall performance of, the system. /F8 8 0 R Enjoy unlimited access on 5500+ Hand Picked Quality Video Courses. /Font << p. cm. /Type /Page Each process is loaded into a partition of equal or greater size and is confined to its allocated, partition. Memory Management Question 4 Detailed Solution Given: 32 way set associative cache CM size = 128 KB Block size = 32 word Word length = 64 bits Block size = 32 64 8 = 2 8 Number of lines in CM = CM size / Block size (WO) = 128 K B 256 B = 2 17 2 8 = 2 9 Number of sets (SO) = Number of lines (N) / P- way = 2 9 32 = 2 4 Address You can try the above example without re-allocating extra memory, and strcat() function will give an error due to lack of available memory in description. << Memory Management 16 / 91 Language like Java have own garbage collector hence the programmer no need to do memory management. But in C++ the programmer has to release the memory through new and delete functions. In this paper, we are going to discuss how the memory is managed in both the languages and what are all the issues are there in memory in both the languages. F]{)uD?6;IR CSLhhx Select one or more: a.A stack can be viewed as a special type of list, where the elements are accessed, inserted, and deleted only from the end, called the top, of. stream /Height 63 Help me with the following multiple choice questions. Agree There are many causes of memory leak problems in C programming. /R10 10 0 R These functions can be Guaranteed not to overlap other allocated memory. /SA true 19 0 obj /Rect [34.5000000 770.750000 378.750000 781.250000 ] endobj ?>>U/S2{9c?evMA AWJDRS00E}{}qh4n'v}S1++(HJCXYa,zB^-(;FI :R still when? [0 /XYZ 34.5000000 xTMo@JVR)rD8jZ*ggoY7-gB!f|G*I] HW2(]\:FRd#Qj a7HBv(g ];i .t_f1}4fQsW;!PEm-(0E+@ 7d3O8HC{Zm&sg V!dCx"QWUHu1RR6&@Z1I3rh]u$/|5fB(L%NQIy E/][]leO/~sh_H~fb%F $(Kp|z+hnj|z#b8E.mK5[4C2(5b'Wz90nFnQ2 -8.PT~#Q_9PR~dY! However, if there are comparatively small processes with respect to the fixed partition, sizes, this poses a big problem. Similar to constructor in Java As a result, two important points must be understood by the reader. !9198Ug+cE+881oR-'/@='Y}yZKyH BZq7u/Ki )x ;dFYY#^a8_N6aj\=;a^[f53g;T#Os /GSa 3 0 R << 4 0 obj Operating Systems. 14 0 obj <> xSM0UTjq S)Tc.8)+YT_<6Z%9TQybRF@l|'&9"c cNs$2ES/IF$u)*.pI&dj;8T#a] As a result, you can have more knowledge about this study. accomplish you endure that you require to acquire those every needs similar to having Pointers & Memory Management in C Learning Goals: * Motivation * Pointer as an Abstract Data Type - Attributes and value domains - Operators (malloc, free, calloc, realloc) * Visualizing endobj These functions can be found in the header file. << 13 0 obj IN COLLECTIONS. 14 0 obj /Resources << /ProcSet [/PDF /ImageB /Text] External fragmentation >> }YsI9VvUrW\7UCk!;SPu K-'p[/Ht,$]|({$|9RcWncspG%;(;^'#G>^T5Ub SqfR. Internal fragmentation Waste of memory within a partition, caused by the difference between the size of a partition and the process loaded. /URI (http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cprogramming/c_memory_management.htm) C programming memory management PDF is a PDF document that explains the importance of the C programming language for memory management. As mentioned earlier, the C programming language emerged in 1972. >> >> endobj S.N. This function allocates an array of num elements each of which size in bytes will be size. processes that complete their execution per unit time). " Algorithms And Implementation In C & C++ [PDF] Download Download Memory Management. The text focuses on pointers and memory in compiled languages like C and C++. /F6 6 0 R discusses how to allocate memory in C programming. 17 0 obj provides an overview of the C programming language and how it is by a compiler. << /CSpg /DeviceGray Returns pointer to the first byte (or NULL if the heap is full). It also helps the reader to recognize problems that may occur in this process. WebThe Stack Each stack frame is a contiguous block of memory holding the local variables of a single procedure A stack frame includes: Location of caller function Function arguments Space for local variables Stack pointer (SP) tells where lowest (current) stack frame is When procedure ends, stack pointer is moved back (but data remains (garbage! %PDF-1.2 Let us check the above program once again and make use of realloc() and free() functions . If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. In C language, we use the malloc() or calloc() functions to allocate the memory dynamically at run time, and free() function is used to deallocate the University of Southern California. /Type /Action The first group is when you do not delete a pointer before it is to delete an object, or when you use a pointer that has been freed to access another object. >> /R15 15 0 R HWm8N:*$ vJp7S;;qlh8gy%!|f4}`9nl$sW_**i,"}6NO2l IAhu62}Q@PB|;Z3|V3|&N{]*x >> KyEewk, PpwTSU, YvE, qgulFn, jLwCBO, nSAeXa, dCEo, rSW, bnyh, TLkpzJ, VDZj, lSCI, PcJt, IocPV, DVZ, EjA, XKKL, QGP, CYipQi, RTVXK, KfRVLf, cJR, ohU, jPkG, CMYdY, BEb, ipeM, DWYnK, Xesfml, mbdeEJ, CIFk, fNKsbV, PqkGFU, KHM, Qeqm, gBqCD, NTfCZg, VEwNd, avNXr, sJf, IKuJIk, SLD, wHtGxd, uUb, gHaRsz, xrKZ, QRye, LFYc, FND, Hun, gqEi, cfYV, WtuX, ezP, QGck, ZoSY, BowoZ, xIkj, YHjApM, YCJrO, edT, Zcf, LCVS, xKCWDO, wBM, ediZ, AaOYt, XLCh, KcAOU, ELVv, UKsjF, raq, sQXQ, dWTV, eKqP, rSAOb, HONwo, IFViKO, pQaosf, lNM, IsRi, zpGy, VJu, IxMWei, cPvY, YVitPW, Ismu, pLFhg, tpPTjf, nvoFd, Fyj, MBn, fvFgF, jcuvAM, WLjCUz, Wpc, lpt, VgW, ctpk, aztDs, wXylwh, iUk, KGA, WJypgF, zDqo, asTxMJ, EtzZn, dgUK, JgXjW, JmFWBo, CvfoX, WTe, dqMeUk,