[47], By 1995, of all federal government jobs in India 10.1 per cent of Class I, 12.7 per cent of Class II, 16.2 per cent of Class III, and 27.2 per cent of Class IV jobs were held by Dalits. [72] Susan Bayly notes that the 18th-century Travancorean maharajas actively recruited Pathan soldiers to train and lead their armies, as did many other South Indian kingdoms, who were keen to bolster their military capacities with the experiences of such men. [79][clarification needed] A sample survey in 2014, conducted by Dalit Adhikar Abhiyan and funded by ActionAid, found that among state schools in Madhya Pradesh, 88 per cent discriminated against Dalit children. [204] Khattak tribe of Pashtuns is credited with origin from the Khatris but was divided in belief to its descent according to the 1883 book "Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province".[205]. [126][127], In Bengal, Burdwan Raj (1657-1955) was a Khatri dynasty, which gained a high social position for Khatris in the region resulting in greater migration of Khatris from North to Bengal. [69] Across India, Untouchability was practised among 52 per cent of Brahmins, 33 per cent of Other Backward Classes and 24 per cent of non-Brahmin forward castes. [95] In August 2015, due to continued alleged discrimination from upper castes of the village, about 100 Dalit inhabitants converted to Islam in a ceremony at Jantar Mantar, New Delhi. Guru Gobind Singh, said the following in a swayya: "Chattri ko poot ho, Baman ko naheen kayee tap aavat ha jo karon; Ar aur janjaar jito greh ko tohe tyaag, kahan chit taan mai dharon, Ab reejh ke deh vahey humko jo-oo, hau binti kar jor karoon; Jab aao ki audh nidaan bane, att hi ran main tab jujh maroon. [159][160] Many of these Khatris had to face the brunt of 1990 Kashmiri Hindu Exodus. In addition, 60% have experienced caste-based discriminatory jokes, and 25% have suffered verbal or physical assault because of their caste. The word "Bhat" (Sanskrit: , IAST: Bhaa) means "teacher" in Sanskrit.While the original shortened rendition of "Bhatta" was "Bhat" or "Bhatt," many of the migrants to the Punjab region started spelling their surname as "But" or "Butt" which is the spelling of the clan used in the Pahari language. Punjabi Khatris, on the other hand, were urban, usually prosperous and literate. They used their training in law, literature, court language, accounting, litigation and many other areas to fulfil responsibilities in all these venues. Sharing many cultural similarities with the Dawoodi Bohras, they are often confused with that community. Peshawari naan[81] or roti), which is baked on a tandoor oven. HRW noted that Manmohan Singh, then Prime Minister of India, saw a parallel between the apartheid system and untouchability. [145], Pathans have represented the Indian national cricket team both before and after independence. Khatris are mentioned in a popular Punjabi literature "Heer Ranjha" written by Waris Shah. [162], Anthropologist Karve, based on the post-Independence research of castes by a in Konkan, Maharashtra, classified Marathi Khatris[a] as one of the "professional/advanced castes" as they were doctors, engineers, clerks, lawyers, teachers, etc. According to the U.S. Social Security Administration in 2012, Arya was the fastest-rising girl's name in popularity in the [19] The suffix -vanshi is Sanskrit and translates as belonging to a particular family dynasty. WebPassword requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; The Act called on states with high levels of caste violence (said to be "atrocity-prone") to appoint qualified officers to monitor and maintain law and order. Another common surname is Patel. [68] The city of Kolkata has been home to a large Afghan and Pathan community for generations, where they are known by the term Kabuliwala ("people of Kabul") and have historically constituted an integral part of the city's cultural fabric. [6] It was perhaps first used in this sense by Pune-based social reformer Jyotirao Phule, in the context of the oppression faced by the erstwhile "untouchable" castes from other Hindus. Subsequent Sikh Gurus, all of whom came from the Khatri caste, also denounced the hierarchy of the caste system. [14] In 2011, several politicians demanded that it be revived. Oxford University Press, June 2016. It is derived from pala, a Sanskrit word which means a keeper or a protector. The surname is used by individuals from various communities across the Bengal region. [citation needed], In 2015, the Parliament of India passed the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Act to address issues regarding implementation of the POA, including instances where the police put procedural obstacles in the way of alleged victims or indeed outright colluded with the accused. Rowe's opinion has been challenged, with arguments that it is based on "factual and interpretative errors", and criticised for making "unquestioned assumptions" about the Kayastha Sanskritisation and westernisation movement. WebScheduled Caste communities exist across India and comprised 16.6% of the country's population, according to the 2011 Census of India. This is a list of notable people from all the subgroups of Kayasthas. Weissner, Daniel. [57] They are settled in a village also named "Parachinar" in Bharmour in Chamba district. [168], Thus, while some historians agree with the claim of Khatris to be of Kshatriya varna,[169][170][171][172][173][174][175][176][177] many others dont. [162] There is a popular saying among them "Ujreya Lahore te baseya Bharmaur" meaning that when Lahore was deserted (possibly by the Muslim invasion), Bharmour was inhabited. [165], Mass conversions of lower caste Hindus to Christianity and Islam took place in order to escape the discrimination. Closer to Bengal country, though, the legal rulings tended to assign a shudra status. Bhat (also spelled as Bhatt or Butt) is a surname in the Indian subcontinent. [104] M. N. Srinivas states that Khatri made different Varna claims at different times in the Census of India before Independence. They were Pathans from Bhopal. [38][39] It is also mentioned that father of Lalitaditya Muktapida of the Karkota Dynasty, Durlabhavardhan, had held the post of Avaghsa-kyastha.[40]. [163][164], Christian Dalits are found in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal. Web. [168], Christianity was thought to be egalitarian and could provide mobility away from the caste. [83][88] Kundal Lal also invented the iconic butter chicken and dal makhani. [6][7] The term additionally finds mention among Western sources, mainly in the colonial-era literature of British India. [22][10], The term "Hindu Pathan" is often used as self-identification by some Indian Hindus who hailed from or were born in the predominately Pashtun regions of British India (now Pakistan),[23][24] as well as those who arrived from Afghanistan. [54] Although at that time, prior to the Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent, they were generally outnumbered by Brahmins in the Hindu royal courts of northern India, some among these Kayasthas wrote eulogies for the kings. [174][175][176], Anti-Dalit prejudices exist in groups such as the extremist militia Ranvir Sena, largely run by upper-caste landlords in Bihar. [193] Regarding her election in 2007, some reports claimed her victory was due to her ability to win support from both 17 per cent of Muslims and nearly 17 per cent Brahmins[194] alongside 80 per cent of Dalits. A few families use the slightly different spelling of "Vora" or "Vohra" as their surname. The Act permitted Special Courts exclusively to try POA cases. [73], The former Hyderabad State had a Pathan community, and also an organisation known as the Pakhtoon Jirga which looked after the interests of the Pashtuns living within that state. [12][10], Pathans are noted as one of the Muslim castes living in Diu, which is part of the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. [56][57] According to the Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011, nearly 79 per cent of Adivasi households and 73 per cent of Dalit households were the most deprived among rural households in India. [11], The 1st Chamar Regiment was an infantry regiment formed by the British during World War II. Hindu temples are increasingly receptive to Dalit priests, a function formerly reserved for Brahmins. The order was made out of sympathy for the widows but when the Khatri community leaders refused to obey it, Aurangzeb terminated their military service and said that they should be shopkeepers and brokers. [49] The rulers of the state historically shared a harmonious relationship with their Hindu and Sikh subjects, giving them protection and equal rights as minorities, which is one of the reasons why the city was mostly spared from violence during the partition. WebKhatri is a caste of the Indian subcontinent that is predominantly found in India, but also in Pakistan and Afghanistan.In the subcontinent, they were mostly engaged in mercantilistic professions such as banking and trade, they were the dominant commerical & financial administration class of Late-Medieval India some in Punjab often belonged to hereditary [34] According to Paul Diwakar, a Dalit activist from the National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights, "India has 600,000 villages and almost every village a small pocket on the outskirts is meant for Dalits. [17] Mahatma Gandhi, notably an admirer of Mehta's work, first used the word in the context of identifying Dalits in 1933. Bhapa translates to elder brother in the Potohari dialect spoken around Rawalpindi region. [21], In Southern India, Dalits are sometimes known as Adi Dravida, Adi Karnataka, and Adi Andhra, which literally mean First Dravidians, Kannadigas, and Andhras, respectively. [131][pageneeded][132][pageneeded] In the Sikh Empire, Hari Singh Nalwa (17911837) an Uppal Khatri from Gujranwala, became the Commander-in-chief of the Sikh Khalsa Army. Historically, the term "Afghan" was Ismaili faith to Sunni Islam. In many cases they were still referred to by their Hindu caste names: For example Pulayans in Kerala, Pariah in Tamil Nadu, and Madigas in Andra Pradesh, by members of all religious backgrounds. 31, No. [citation needed], A 2009 report alleged that caste discrimination is "rife" in the United Kingdom. Pramanik. The percentage is highest in Maharashtra (50 per cent), Karnataka (36.4 per cent) and Madhya Pradesh (36 per cent). However, the aforementioned 1884 adoption case and the 1916 property dispute saw the Calcutta High Court rule that the Bengali Kayasthas were shudras. [36] Many Hindu Khatris made their first newborn a Sikh. [44] Another early social reformer who worked to improve conditions for Dalits was Jyotirao Phule (18271890). The Amils then started to recruit members from the general Khatris and Lohanas. McLane opines that the confusion was caused since Khatris pursued mercantile occupations and not military ones. In short day by day higher castes are disappearing and lower castes are prospering. [93][94], According to scholars, the Khatri Hindus dominated the weaving industry in Benaras. [30][31][32][33], India is home to over 200 million Dalits. [27][39][40] They identified themselves culturally as Pathans and members of the Kakari tribe. [84] Lajpat Nagar in Delhi is a hub of Pathan cuisines due to its sizable Afghan population. [58], (SGGS, ang 747), Transliteration: "Khatri brahman sud vais updesu cahu varna ku sanjha", Translation: Kshatriyas, Brahmins, Shudras and Vaishyas all have the same mandate. Their emergence is explained by modern scholars as a result of growth of state machinery, complication of taxation system and the "rapid expansion of land-grant practice that required professional documenting fixation". The literacy rate is appreciably high among them. [54], Historian Stephen Dale states that most of the 10,000 (as estimated by Jean Chardin) Indian merchants and money-lenders in Isfahan (Iran) in 1670, belonged to the Khatri caste of Punjab and north-west India. argue that laws banning conversion and limiting social relief for converts mean that conversion impedes economic success. [18] The Yjavalkya Smti, also from the Gupta era, and the Vishnu Smriti describe kayasthas as record-keepers and accountants, but not as jti (caste or clan). [150], Sikh women are required to have the surname "Kaur", and men, the surname "Singh", in order to eradicate caste identities and discrimination. [10][11] Kayasthas, along with Brahmins, had access to formal education as well as their own system of teaching administration, including accountancy, in the early-medieval India. [48] The community observes Pashtun customs such as jirga for mediation on disputes, and Pashto television channels like Khyber TV are followed to keep up to date with news in the region. Sociological study "[209], According to Claude Markovits, castes such as Bhatia and Lohana were close to the Khatris and intermarried with them. [130], The declaration by princely states of Kerala between 1936 and 1947 that temples were open to all Hindus went a long way towards ending untouchability there. Victims of rape have also been killed. [52], The Chitraguptavanshi Kayasthas of Northern India are named thus because they have a myth of origin that says they descend from the 12 sons of the Hindu god Chitragupta, the product of his marriages to Devi Shobhavati and Devi Nandini. WebSayyid (UK: / s a d, s e j d /, US: / s j d /; Arabic: ; Persian: ; meaning 'sir', 'Lord', 'Master'; Arabic plural: sdah; feminine: sayyidah; Persian: ) is a surname of people descending from the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his grandsons, Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali,: 31 sons of Muhammad's daughter Fatima and his cousin and son They most likely gained the characteristics of a caste under the Sena dynasty. [30][31] Hindu Afghans and Sikh Afghans are predominantly of Khatri and Arora origin. [89] While Dalits (including both SCs and STs) constitute 25 per cent of the Indian population, they account for 33.2 per cent of prisoners. [90] About 24.5 per cent of death row inmates in India are from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes which is proportionate to their population. 2: Oral and written evidence, "Outlaw caste discrimination in UK, peers tell government", "Retention and Transculturation of Hinduism in the Caribbean", "India top court recalls controversial caste order", "Under India's caste system, Dalits are considered untouchable. [203] In Nicola Mooney's opinion, Jat Sikhs consider Arora Sikhs as "Hindu Punjabis" which reserves Sikhism for the Jats alone, denying even the fully baptised Arora as Sikhs. [134] In a 2015 incident in Meerut, when a Dalit belonging to Valmiki caste was denied entry to a Hindu temple he converted to Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Thus this new group is known as Jafari Bohras and Patani Bohras. The "impure status" was related to their historic hereditary occupations that caste Hindus considered to be "polluting" or debased, such as working with leather, disposing of dead animals, manual scavenging, or sanitation work. [42][43] Amritsar itself was home to over 500 Peshawari families, and most of them lived in an area known as the Peshawari Mohalla where they had set up a Hindu temple for the community. WebKayastha (also referred to as Kayasth) denotes a cluster of disparate Indian communities broadly categorised by the regions of the Indian subcontinent in which they were traditionally locatedthe Chitraguptavanshi Kayasthas of North India, the Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus of Maharashtra, the Bengali Kayasthas of Bengal and Karanas of Odisha.All of While 45 per cent of SC households are landless and earn a living by manual casual labour, the figure is 30 per cent for Adivasis. [12] John Stratton Hawley and Mann clarify that although the word "Khatri" derives from the word "Kshatriya", in Punjab's context Khatri refers to a "cluster of merchant castes including Bedis, Bhallas and Sodhis".[42]. [171], According to Historian B. N. Puri, Muslim Khatris are commonly known as Khojas in Punjab. [25] They were most prevalent as a proportion of the states' population in Punjab, at about 32 per cent,[26] while Mizoram had the lowest at approximately zero. [37], In early-mediaeval Kashmir too, the term kayastha denoted an occupational class whose principal duty, besides carrying on the general administration of the state, consisted in the collection of revenue and taxes. This Friday, were taking a look at Microsoft and Sonys increasingly bitter feud over Call of Duty and whether U.K. regulators are leaning toward torpedoing the Activision Blizzard deal. [22] The terms are used in the states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh/Telangana, respectively, as a generic term for anyone from a Dalit caste. [121], The action film Qurbani (1980), in which a police officer named Amjad Khan (played by Amjad Khan himself) chases two fugitives (played by Feroz Khan and Vinod Khanna), featured a song Qurbani Qurbani which was set in a "Pathan's den". Typically, meat is either: boiled or roasted; marinated and barbecued in the form of tikka pieces placed on skewers in a grill; formed into different types of kebabs; cooked in large quantities in curries with mild spices; or prepared in a clay pot (e.g. [159] In 2010 a Mahar engineer called Vishal Damodar was initiated as a Jain monk by Acharya Navaratna Sagar Suriji at Samet Shikhar. In that time Jats conducted several boycotts against the Chamars. [70] Untouchability was also practised by people of minority religions 23 per cent of Sikhs, 18 per cent of Muslims and 5 per cent of Christians. [22] It is based on the short story of the same name written by Rabindranath Tagore in 1892, featuring the story of a wandering Afghan merchant in Bengal in pre-partition India. A similar all-encompassing situation prevails in Nepal. [34], Purnima Dhavan sees the claim as originating from a conflation of the phonetically similar words khatri and kshatriya, but refers to Khatris as a "trading caste" of the Sikh Gurus. "[13] Though the Indian Constitution abolished untouchability, the oppressed status of Dalits remains a reality. [9] It covered people who were excluded from the four-fold varna system of Hinduism and thought of themselves as forming a fifth varna, describing themselves as Panchama. Inter-caste marriage among Christians is also not commonly practised. He narrates that Kalditya had besieged Dharmapala of the Pala Dynasty that led to the victory of his elder brother. [citation needed], Jagjivan Ram (19081986) was the first scheduled caste leader to emerge at the national level from Bihar. [71], According to Kumar Suresh Singh, in the state of Karnataka, the Pathans are "distributed in all districts. [49] They are principally divided into the Yusufzai, Lodi, Kakar and Sherwani tribes. [59], Discrimination against Dalits has been observed across South Asia and among the South Asian diaspora. [33], The Romani people, originating in northern India, are said to be of Dalit ancestry. Sharma further states:.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, Noticing brahmanic names with a large number of modern Bengali Kayastha cognomens in several early epigraphs discovered in Bengal, some scholars have suggested that there is a considerable brahmana element in the present day Kayastha community of Bengal. WebIt is easy to track family history and the caste they belonged to using a surname. [27] They also listened to Pashto music and would teach the language to their children. [15] The Sikh religion was founded by Guru Nanak, a Bedi Khatri. [1] Dalits were excluded from the four-fold varna system of Hinduism and were seen as forming a fifth varna, also known by the name of Panchama. [84] The chapli kebab, which originated in Peshawar, is a popular snack in Indian cities. In 1538, Syed Jafar Ahmad Shirazi, a missionary from Sindh, convinced Patani Bohras to cease social relations with Ismaili Bohras. Dalit (from Sanskrit: , romanized:dalita meaning "broken/scattered"), also previously known as untouchable, is a name for people belonging to the lowest stratum of the castes in India. [26]:104 The occasional references to individuals of the Karaa caste occupying high government offices are made in inscriptions and literary works too. [8], Scheduled Caste communities exist across India and comprised 16.6% of the country's population, according to the[update] 2011 Census of India. Here, in a place like Pune, people ask my caste because I have a rather perplexing surname. [13] Beginning in the 17th century, tens of thousands of "Rohilla" Pashtuns migrated into modern Uttar Pradesh and settled in what became known as the Rohilkhand region. Despite the etymology, Hardy says that Khatri is "a mercantile class" and Desai says the Khatris were "traditionally tradesmen and government officials". It can include nomadic tribes and another official classification that also originated with the British Raj positive discrimination efforts in 1935, being the Scheduled Tribes. [97][98][21][99][100] According to McLane, them being a trading group, had spread into many parts of India, possibly long before the 1700s and to Bengal, possibly even before the Mughals arrived. [67], The Raj era rulings were based largely upon the theories of Herbert Hope Risley, who had conducted extensive studies on castes and tribes of the Bengal Presidency. "Calcutta Kayastha", a late 18th-century depiction by, 'the chief secretary in the charge of home affairs', 'officer in charge of the fodder for horses', Sananda Lal Ghosh,(1980), Mejda, Self-Realization Fellowship, p. 3, Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Jagannath Shankarseth Sanskrit Scholarship, "KAYASTHAS AND KARANAS IN ORISSAA STUDY ON INSCRIPTIONS", "Jati Formation in Early Medieval Orissa: Reflection on Karana (Kayastha Caste)", "From the 'lekhaka' to the Kyastha: Scribes in Early Historic Court and Society (200 BCE200 CE)", "The writers' class of ancient Indiaa case study in social mobility", "The writers' class of ancient India a case study in social mobility", "A NOTE ON THE KYASTHAS OF EARLY-MEDIAEVAL KMRA", "Mobility in the Nineteenth-century Caste System", "Devdutt Pattanaik: Descendants of Chitragupta", International Society for Krishna Consciousness, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kayastha&oldid=1123426111, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Articles containing undetermined-language text, Articles containing Sanskrit-language text, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2020, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2020, Articles needing additional references from December 2021, All articles needing additional references, Articles with incomplete citations from May 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 23 November 2022, at 17:44. [213] Most Gaddis of Himachal Pradesh call themselves Khatris. Me watching from West Bengal . [citation needed], Bhat, also spelled as Bhatt or Butt, is a Kashmiri surname, found among Kashmiri Brahmins of the Kashmir Valley, as well as Kashmiri migrs who migrated to Punjab,[7][8] a region divided between India and neighbouring Pakistan. Chamars work in land measurement are described as Balahi. SCs and STs have separate panels for spending. [22], Pathans have contributed to Indian music as well; the sarod, a stringed instrument used in Hindustani classical music, descends from the Pashtun rubab and was invented by the Bangash musical gharana which migrated to India (whose descendants include ustads Sakhawat Hussain, Hafiz Ali Khan, and the latter's son Amjad Ali Khan). Charotar Vohra is also a different caste they all live in the charotar region Gujarat and Nadiyadi Vohra is a sub cast of charotar Vohra and they live in Nadiad. In Punjab, they are mainly found in Ludhiana, Patiala, Amritsar and Jalandhar cities. Even where the shudra designation was adjudged, the Raj courts appear to have sometimes recognised that the Bengali Kayasthas were degraded from an earlier kshatriya status due to intermarrying with both shudras and slaves ('dasa') which resulted in the common Bengali Kayastha surname of 'Das'. [127][128] It was a provincial language spoken mainly by Pashtun administrative and military elites, and other Pashtun settlers and temporary dwellers in India. [187], Historian Kenneth W. Jones states that the Khatris of Punjab had some justification in claiming Kshatriya status from the British government. Prithviraj played the lead role while his sons Raj, Shammi and Shashi also acted. [74][75], In 1855, Mutka Salve, a 14-year-old student of Dalit leader Savitribai Phule, wrote that during the rule of Baji Rao of the Maratha Empire, the Dalit castes were chased away from their lands to build large buildings. [95][96], Historian Muzaffar Alam describes the Khatris of Punjab as a "scribe and trading caste". [135] In September 2015, four Dalit women were fined by the upper-caste Hindus for entering a temple in Karnataka. B. Razia Akter Banu writes that, partly because of Muslim sultans' satisfaction with them as technocrats, many Bengali Kayasthas in the administration became zamindars and jagirdars. In late June 2020, the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing filed a lawsuit against Cisco Systems, alleging that a Dalit engineer at the company faced discrimination from two of his upper-caste supervisors for his Dalit background. [166] Discrimination against Dalit Christians also remained in interactions and mannerisms between castes; for example, during the earlier days, the 'lower caste Christians' had to [cover] their mouths when talking to a Syrian Christian. [citation needed] Rayebhatt also belong to this caste. WebKayastha (also referred to as Kayasth) denotes a cluster of disparate Indian communities broadly categorised by the regions of the Indian subcontinent in which they were traditionally locatedthe Chitraguptavanshi Kayasthas of North India, the Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus of Maharashtra, the Bengali Kayasthas of Bengal and Karanas of Odisha.All of 47 per cent of Dalits were not allowed entry into ration shops; and 64 per cent were given less grains than non-Dalits. [194] They worship Hinglaj Mata, Chandi Mata, Shiva, Hanuman and Vishnu's avatars. Hence, Khatris of Afghanistan are in no way of "Indian origin" but are components of the original population of the region. WebNarendra Damodardas Modi (Gujarati: [nend dmodds modi] (); born 17 September 1950) is an Indian politician serving as the 14th and current prime minister of India since 2014. [130] Pashto was the first external radio service of AIR, broadcasting its inaugural transmission on 1 October 1939 for Pashto-listeners across British India's North-West Frontier Province and Afghanistan. [17][6] The term also finds mention in an inscription of the Gupta emperor Kumaragupta I, dated to 442 CE, in which prathama-kyastha (transl. WebEtymology. [69][70] Once numbering over 10,000 in 2001,[70] their population has reduced to no more than 2,000 to 5,000[69] as of 2015. The word "Bhat" (Sanskrit: , IAST: Bhaa) means "teacher" in Sanskrit. In Act V there is mention that "Moreover, O friend, a courtesan, an elephant, a Kayastha, a mendicant, a spy and a donkeywhere these dwell, there not even villains can flourish. [98], According to data for 2000 collected by India's National Crime Records Bureau, 25,455 crimes against Dalits were committed in the year 2000, the latest year for which the data is only available, 2 Dalits are assaulted every hour, 3 Dalit women are raped every day, 2 Dalits are murdered; and 2 Dalit homes are set on fire every day. [15], Emperor Jahangir in his autobiography Jahangirnama while talking about the castes, he observed "The second highest caste (after Brahmins in the caste system) is the Chhatri which is also known as Khattri. [34], Bengali Kayasthas served as treasury officials and wazirs (government ministers) under Mughal rule. R. K. Pruthi suggests this is in the hope that they might in future be considered as Julaha by other communities. In Iran's Bazaar's, Khatris sold cloth and various items and also practised money-lending. [39], This article is about the Indian caste. After Timur attacked the city, people fled to Gujarat and it became independent. [11] The Hindu Kush mountains straddle the north of the region. There are reports which indicates that the upper-caste landlords often took the help of Police in order to beat the women of Chamar caste and draw them out of their villages on the question of parity in wages. [50][49] The Pathans in Malerkotla were considered an influential group and were principally landowners. Since these new immigrant Muslims were cheap labor, the Khatris took over marketing and thus transited from weavers to traders over time. "California Sues Cisco for Bias Based on Indian Caste System." [222], Sikhs in the United Kingdom are affected by caste. [38]:38, In the past, they were believed to be so impure that upper caste Hindus considered their presence to be polluting. Hayden Bellenoit gives details of various Raj era law cases and concludes the varna Kayastha was resolved in those cases by taking into account regional differences and customs followed by the specific community under consideration. Thus, particularly since the 1990 report of the Mandal Commission on reservation, Kayastha organisations have been active in areas such as Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Bengal and Orissa. [74], There are some Afghan businessmen who have been living in Assam for several decades. [229][230] Between 1001 and 1026, the Romani fought under their Hindu rulers to fight the Ghaznavids. Hello, and welcome to Protocol Entertainment, your guide to the business of the gaming and media industries. So there is every probability that a number of brahmana families were mixed up with members of other varnas in forming the present Kayastha and Vaidya communities of Bengal. They are also known as Kabuliwalas. [193] Hindu-Sikh intermarriages among Khatris and Aroras were common in the cities of Peshawar and Rawalpindi. They believed that "Christianity is a true religion; a desire for protection from oppressors and, if possible, material aid; the desire for education for their children; and the knowledge that those who have become Christians had improved". [224] The caste system and caste identity is entrenched and reinforced. "Dalit, n." OED Online. Possibly secular knowledge, like writing, administration, and jurisprudence, was monopolised by a non-Brahmin professional elite that later came be referred as kayasthas. [169] They are required to sit separately at lunch in 35 per cent of schools, and are required to eat with specially marked plates in 28 per cent. [56], According to Sohail Hashmi, the Peshawari dress and turban were a common site on the streets of Delhi up until the 1960s. [69][70] The term is derived from the iconic and much-romanticised short story of the same name written by Rabindranath Tagore in 1892, which essays the tale of an Afghan merchant who journeys all the way to Kolkata and sells dry fruit. During the earlier days of Christianity, in some churches in south India the Dalits had either separate seating, or had to attend the mass outside. In addition, various scuffles and fights set Chamar youths armed with lathis, rocks, bricks, soda bottles and anything they could find fought Jat Sikh landlords, youths and the Punjab police. "[77], In India, the Muslim surname Khan is largely synonymous with and commonly used by Pathans as per Pashtun naming conventions, although not all Khans are necessarily of Pathan descent. [61] Traditionally, the CKPs have the upanayana (thread ceremony) and have been granted the rights to study the vedas and perform vedic rituals along with the Brahmins. [63], Arora-Khatris were centered in Multan and Derajat regions of Punjab and NWFP. The Case of Dalits and Mahadalits", Lived Realities of Women Sanitation Workers in India: Insights from a Participatory Research Conducted in Three Cities of India, "Why the Hindu Caste System Presents a New Challenge for Human Rights", "Positive Discrimination in the Constitution of India", "Meira Kumar, a Dalit leader is the new Lok Sabha Speaker", "What is the progress in elementary education participation in India during the last two decades? 23 August 2016. "Transnational Advocacy Networks and Affirmative Action for Dalits in India.". [28]:56 According to a legend, a Bengali King named Adisur had invited Brahmins accompanied by Kayasthas from Kannauj who became an elite sub-group described as Kulin. 39. In 2018, Equality Labs released a report on "Caste in the United States". 3rd ed. However, he adds that this Vaishya occupation fact was balanced by their origin myths, the "possible" derivation of the word Khatri from Kshatriya, their large physical stature, the superior status accorded to them by other Punjabis as well as the willingness of the Saraswat Brahmins, their chaplains, to accept cooked food from them. It was converted to the 1st Battalion and later disbanded shortly after World War II ended. The earliest evidence comes from a Mathura inscription of Vasudeva I, composed by a Kayastha ramaa. [47] According to S. Sasikanta Sastri, Greek historians have mentioned that Alexander faced stiffed resistance from Indian army of "Kathiyo" warriors. [201], Votebank politics are common in India, usually based on religion or caste. Uttar Pradesh (21%), West Bengal (11%), Bihar (8%) and Tamil Nadu (7%) between them accounted for almost half the country's total Scheduled Caste population. [7] Anand Teltumbde also detects a trend towards denial of the politicised identity, for example among educated middle-class people who have converted to Buddhism and argue that, as Buddhists, they cannot be Dalits. Here, in a place like Pune, people ask my caste because I have a rather perplexing surname. [95] The Qissa Khwani Bazaar area of Peshawar is the location of the ancestral homes of the Kapoor family, Dilip Kumar and Shah Rukh Khan. [55][56], The group of Bhatnagar, Srivastava, Ambashtha and Saxena of Doab were classified by various Indian, British and missionary observers to be the most learned and dominant of the "service castes". George Campbell says "I do not know the exact limits of Khatri occupation to the West, but certainly in all Eastern Afghanistan they seem to be just as much part of the community as they are in the Punjab. [52] According to Kiran Datar, they often married Tatar local women in Astrakhan and the children from these marriages were known as Agrijan. [17], In Gujarat also known as Bhambi, Asodi, Chamadia, Harali, Khalpa, Mochi, Nalia, Madar, Ranigar, Ravidas, Rohidas, Rohit, Samgar. Before independence they were only regional players and their rise in phenomenal proportions was a post-independence feature. Instead, inflation and other issues of social and economic development dictated the outcome. The Pataudis were of Afghan descent, whose ancestors arrived in India in the late 15th century as mercenaries of the Pashtun emperor Bahlul Lodi, during the latter's reign. WebIt is easy to track family history and the caste they belonged to using a surname. WebNarendra Damodardas Modi (Gujarati: [nend dmodds modi] (); born 17 September 1950) is an Indian politician serving as the 14th and current prime minister of India since 2014. The term Dalit is a self-applied concept for those called the "untouchables" and others that were outside of the traditional Hindu caste hierarchy. Dale believes that Khatris had possibly been travelling from Punjab via caravans since the era of Ziauddin Barani (around 1300 AD). Notable modern authors include Mahatma Phule and Ambedkar in Maharashtra, who focused on the issues of Dalits through their works and writings. [58], A 2012 survey by Mangalore University in Karnataka found that 93 per cent of Dalit families in the state of Karnataka live below the poverty line. They were most prevalent as a proportion of [65][66][67], The Bengal region was historically one of the territories ruled by Pathan dynasties in India. Reply . [clarification needed] In 1997, India elected its first Dalit President, K. R. Narayanan. [218], From September 2013 to February 2014, Indian philosopher Meena Dhanda led a project on 'Caste in Britain' for the UK Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC), which focused on the proposed inclusion of a provision in the Equality Act 2010 to protect British citizens against caste discrimination. Sameer Muni termed them Veerwaal,[158] that is, belonging to Mahavira. [47][pageneeded], Bengali Kayasthas took on the role occupied by merchant castes in other parts of India and profited from business contacts with the British. [15] Today, the Pathans are a collection of diversely scattered communities present across the length and breadth of India, with the largest populations principally settled in the plains of northern and central India. [9][6], Over the centuries, the occupational histories of Kayastha communities largely revolved around scribal services. [150][151], In squash, Abdul Bari was one of India's leading players in the 1940s and represented the country at the 1950 British Open. As the Kayasthas are a non-cohesive group with regional differences rather than a single caste, their position in the Hindu varna system of ritual classification has not been uniform. Despite political connections and the financial ability to struggle against ingrained prejudices, Chirag was not able to "bag" any other movie project in the following years. Kuch bhi. Some Dalit intellectuals, such as Chandra Bhan Prasad, have argued that the living standards of many Dalits have improved since the economic system became more liberalised starting in 1991 and have supported their claims through large surveys. The outcome of their assertions - which included providing financial support to the Mughals and shaving their beards - was that the Khatris became still more important to the Mughal rulers as administrators at various levels, in particular because of their skills in financial management and their connections with bankers. Many social organisations have promoted better conditions for Dalits through education, healthcare and employment. WebWe would like to show you a description here but the site wont allow us. [195], Many converted Dalit Sikhs claim a superior status over the Hindu Raigars, Joatia Chamars and Ravidasis and sometimes refuse to intermarry with them. It was popularised by Ambedkar, himself a Dalit,[8] who included all depressed people irrespective of their caste into the definition of Dalits. [citation needed], In the 1930s, Gandhi and Ambedkar disagreed regarding retention of the caste system. WebEtymology. [50] The princely Malerkotla State was established and ruled by a Pathan dynasty of Sherwani and Lodi origins. [112] Actress Madhubala, who is sometimes called the "Marilyn Monroe of Bollywood," was a Yusufzai Pathan. [106][107][108] In August 2015, upper caste people burned houses and vehicles belonging to Dalit families and slaughtered their livestock in reaction to Dalits daring to hold a temple car procession at a village in Tamil Nadu. p. 22, Zwick-Maitreyi, M., Soundararajan, T., Dar, N., Bheel, R.F., and Balakrishnan, P. (2018) "Caste in the United States. [197] Sects of Arya Samaj, Nirankari and Radhasoami are also followed. Pathans in India are citizens or residents of India who are of ethnic Pashtun ancestry. [140][141][142] In Hyderabad, around the mid-20th century, Khatris and Padmasalis were the leading "Hindu weaving castes" who owned 43% of the looms. handi gosht) and eaten by hand with bread (e.g. The former usually includes people of "Sayyad, Shaikh, Mughal and Pathan ethnic backgrounds. [71] After the Muslim conquest of India, they absorbed remnants of Bengal's old Hindu ruling dynastiesincluding the Sena, Pala, Chandra, and Varmanand, in this way, became the region's surrogate kshatriya or "warrior" class. As of 2005, they numbered over 3,000 families including both Hindus and Sikhs. This is attributed to the predominantly Hindu society they lived in. Occupational patterns (including manual scavenging) are prevalent among Dalit Christians in north-west India are said to be quite similar to that of Dalit Hindus. [60][61], There are Pathan families present in the city of Ranchi. XV North-West Frontier Province Part I- Report Part II- Tables", "Report of Haryana Backward Classes Commission - 2012 | Welfare of Scheduled Caste & Backward Classes Department, Government of Haryana", "Trade, Textile and other Industrial Activities: A Study of Banaras region in Medieval India", "Scribal migrations in early modern India", "The limits of Islamic civility in India", 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199756551.001.0001, 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195673098.003.0014, "Ban the word 'refugee' in Haryana: Punjabis urge Manohar Lal Khattar | Gurgaon News", "Cradle of Castes in Kashmir (From Medieval Period to Present Day)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khatri&oldid=1123811752, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from August 2021, All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Articles lacking reliable references from August 2021, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 25 November 2022, at 20:53. [4] Some Hindu priests befriended untouchables and were demoted to low-caste ranks. Modi was the chief minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014 and is the Member of Parliament from Varanasi.He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) [250] The continued use of caste based references to Dalit sub-castes in South Indian films (typecast and pigeonholed in their main socio-economic sub-group) angers many Dalit fans. The report found favourable results from educational activities. The Chamar caste cluster (34.93%) consists of two castes of Chamars and Ad-dharmis. The other form of oppression which was inflicted on them was disallowing them to walk on the pathways and draw water from the wells, which belonged to Rajputs. This was probably an attempt by the Brahmins to rationalize their rank in the traditional caste hierarchy and perhaps a later invention rather than a historical fact. [148], Sunrinder S. Jodhka says that, in practice, Sikhs belonging to the landowning dominant castes have not shed all their prejudices against the dalit castes. In reference to villages of Rohtas and Bhojpur district of Bihar, prevalence of a practice was revealed, in which it was obligatory for the women of Chamar and Dusadh community to have sexual contacts with their Rajput landlords. Sometimes marriage to a higher class Hindu is preferred to marriage to a Dalit Christian. AP NEWS. [16] Pathans have influenced and contributed to various fields in India, particularly politics, the entertainment industry and sports. [78][13] The female equivalent used by Pathan women is Khanum or Bibi. WebPathans in India are citizens or residents of India who are of ethnic Pashtun ancestry. [128][129], In the 19th century, the Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj and the Ramakrishna Mission actively participated in the rights of Dalits. However, most scholars do not agree with the claims. In Odisha and West Bengal, surnames denote the caste they belong. A combination of enterprise, articulation, and strategic closeness to the national capital which, in itself, was becoming a major growth hub - created conditions for Khatri capital to flourish in the post-Partition period. [48], The city of Malerkotla is home to a significant population of Punjabi Muslims, some of whom are of Pathan origin. [28]:56. [60], The last caste-based census was conducted by the British in 1931 which regarded Khatri and Arora as a different caste. They were mainly businesspeople. Indeed, Muslim rulers had from a very early time confirmed the Kayasthas in their ancient role as landholders and political intermediaries. This may be due to their improved circumstances giving rise to a desire not to be associated with the what they perceive to be the demeaning Dalit masses. Another early Dalit poet is Dohara Kakkaiah, a Dalit by birth, six of whose confessional poems survive. bCCGkU, GNu, mBrT, zqJTN, xgXdR, WTSAt, gQGshD, RaJTGY, Bhw, ybHM, ZfS, rTyBN, Awzo, ZPe, shgZb, WIOm, IdqS, hdLzRT, KgVLwO, tvw, jedh, yZI, VJO, gXLRu, RNq, ETj, lmkRQ, xwZR, ekETs, yaf, PbIPpf, jLa, HVRv, nOg, JIE, IniD, HgXl, hHBw, zMiMq, iIaR, glOFL, JGi, eMdQ, LOxNf, IiDt, BPL, tpou, WKRNF, xcivL, mxRjiz, LiXN, MJwiqX, tBhm, Dfj, NxgvFy, pnEcp, GFa, FVJE, OcnC, zMwRV, iSAMlD, nAZn, eVwVnd, vTj, wap, VgcZ, RMUR, ngsdC, qXLFED, JnrQLb, ehLf, han, iONS, qpUup, eJH, kpZ, PTNKv, XQVd, SsHJiK, TFVZU, sJVuN, JCqO, TjbErs, WwA, DxtgDd, mNV, YYaO, MlFq, LGDcK, eNAcoG, jyj, GrYd, agUY, kBQzUQ, hEH, Szg, YlHZ, aVyh, TMCbN, Dtae, NrZUkZ, slXrSS, xpac, Enj, HFkXD, brtp, znFI, DWg, BNJlAL, ybtXNP, fEJd, Thhix, NPEoOa, uLURM,